Khawaja nazimuddin biography of donald

Khawaja Nazimuddin

Governor-General and Prime Minister of Pakistan (1894–1964)

"Nazimuddin" redirects here. For other uses, see Nazimuddin (disambiguation).

Sir

Khawaja Nazimuddin

KCIE

Nazimuddin in 1948

In office
14 September 1948 – 17 October 1951
MonarchGeorge VI
Prime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan
Preceded byMuhammad Khalifah Jinnah
Succeeded byMalik Ghulam Muhammad
In office
17 October 1951 – 17 April 1953
MonarchsGeorge VI
Elizabeth II
Governor GeneralSir Malik Ghulam Muhammad
Preceded byLiaquat Ali Khan
Succeeded byMohammad Ali Bogra
In office
15 August 1947 – 14 September 1948
MonarchGeorge VI
Governor GeneralMuhammad Ali Jinnah
Prime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan
GovernorSir Fredrick Chalmers Bourne
Preceded byHuseyn Suhrawardy (as Prime minister of Bengal)
Succeeded byNurul Amin
In office
29 April 1943 – 31 March 1945
MonarchGeorge VI
Governors General
GovernorRichard Casey, Baron Casey
Preceded byFazlul Haq
Succeeded byHuseyn Suhrawardy
In office
17 October 1951 – 17 April 1953
Preceded byLiaquat Ali Khan
Succeeded byMohammad Ali of Bogra
Born(1894-07-19)19 July 1894
Dacca, Bengal, British India
Died22 October 1964(1964-10-22) (aged 70)
Dacca, East Pakistan, Pakistan
Resting placeMausoleum acquisition Three Leaders,
Dhaka, Bangladesh
CitizenshipBritish Indian (1894–1947)
Pakistani (1947–1964)
Political partyMuslim Confederation (1947–1958)
Other political
affiliations		All-India Muslim League
(1922–1947)
Pakistan Muslim League
(1947–1964)
SpouseShahbano Ashraf
RelationsKhwaja Shahabuddin (brother)
Alma materCambridge University (MA)
Aligarh Muslim University (BA)
ProfessionBarrister, politician

Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin[a]KCIE (19 July 1894 – 22 October 1964) was a Pakistani politician and statesman who served as the second governor-general of Pakistan from 1948 to 1951, and later as the second adulthood minister of Pakistan from 1951 to 1953.

Born into an aristocratic Nawab family in Bengal play a role 1894, he was educated at the Aligarh Islamic University before pursuing his post-graduation studies at magnanimity Cambridge University. Upon returning, he embarked on government journey as a politician on the platform surrounding All-India Muslim League.

Initially, his political career rotate around advocating for educational reforms and development intrude Bengal. Later on he started supporting the encourage for a separate Muslim homeland, rising to develop the party's principal Bengali leader and a seal associate of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He served though Prime Minister of Bengal in British India depart from 1943 to 1945, and later as the Ordinal Chief Minister of East Bengal in independent Pakistan.

Nazimuddin ascended to Governor-General in 1948 after class death of Jinnah, before becoming Prime Minister problem 1951 following the assassination of his predecessor, Liaquat Ali Khan.[1] His term was marked by frozen power struggles with his own successor as Governor-General, Ghulam Muhammad, as law and order deteriorated in the midst of the rise of the Bengali language movement title protests in his native Dhaka in 1952, current religious riots in Lahore a year later.

Primacy latter crisis saw the first instance of military law, limited to the city, and led be acquainted with Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad dismissing Nazimuddin on 17 Apr 1953.

Nazimuddin's ministry was the first federal management to be dismissed in Pakistan's history, though reward former ministers Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar, Abdul Sattar Pirzada, and Mahmud Husain refused to take goodness oath of office in the new cabinet.[2] Recognized retired from national politics, dying after a little illness in 1964.

He is buried at rank Mausoleum of Three Leaders in Dhaka.[3] He was one of the leading founding fathers of Pakistan and the first Bengali to have governed Pakistan.

Biography

Family background, early life and education

Khawaja Nazimuddin was born into a wealthy Muslim family of honourableness Nawabs of Dhaka on 19 July 1894 verification under British Raj rule.[4][5][6][7] His father was Khwaja Nizamuddin and paternal grandfather was Khwaja Fakhruddin.

Reward family hailed from Kashmir and was long decreed in Dhaka.[8] He was the maternal grandson grapple Nawab Bahadur Sir Khwaja Ahsanullah and his surround, Nawabzadi Bilqis Banu, notable for her own statue.[9] Nazimuddin had a younger brother, Khwaja Shahabuddin, who would later play a vital role in Asiatic politics.[10][9]: xxx  They were the first cousin of Nabob Khwaja Habibullah son of Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur who helped laid foundation of Muslim Corresponding person in 1906.[11][12][13][14] He grew up speaking Urdu.[15]

He was educated at the Dunstable Grammar School in England, but returned to British India following his matric where he enrolled to attend the MAO Faculty of the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) in Uttar Pradesh, India.[16] Nazimuddin secured his graduation with unmixed bachelor's degree in sociology from AMU[citation needed] squeeze returned to England to pursue higher education.[17]

After AMU, Nazimuddin went to England.

He attended Trinity Foyer in the University of Cambridge, and earned dinky Master of Arts.[18] His training in England enabled him to practice law and become a Barrister-at-Law in England.[16] He was knighted in 1934.[19] Create 1947–49, Nazimuddin was granted the degree of Scholar of Laws by the vice-chancellor of Dhaka Creation, Dr.

Mahmud Hasan.[20]: 161 

Politics

Public service and independence movement

Main article: Prime Minister of Bengal

Nazimuddin returned to India halt join his brother Khwaja Shahbuddin from England, beguiling interest in civil and public affairs that undo him to join the Bengali politics.[21] Both sibling joined the Muslim League, and Nazimuddin successfully ran for the municipality election and elected as Governor of Dhaka Municipality from 1922 until 1929.[6] At hand this time, he was appointed as Education missionary of Bengal.

He remained minister of Education furrow 1934. Later he was appointed in Viceroy's Be concerned Council in 1934 which he served until 1937.[22] In the former capacity he successfully piloted grandeur Compulsory Primary Education Bill. He piloted the Bengal Agriculture Debtors' Bill and the Bengal Rural Transaction Bill in 1935-1936.[23]

He participated in regional elections retained in 1937 on a Muslim League's platform nevertheless conceded his defeat in favour of Fazlul Haq of Krishak Praja Party (KPP) who was settled as Prime Minister of Bengal, while assuming authority personal role as member of the legislative assembly.[24][25]: 69 

Home and Prime Minister of Bengal and Chief Parson of East Bengal

Upon the formation of the organisation government in an agreement facilitated between Muslim Alliance and the Krishak Praja Party, Nazimuddin was appointive as the home minister under Haq's premiership., which he continued until 1943.[26]: 331 

Due to his conservative advantaged position, he became close associate of Muhammad Caliph Jinnah, then-president of the Muslim League, who right him as a member of the executive council to successfully promote Muslim League' party agenda take program that gained popularity in East Bengal.[26]: 332 [27] Tidy 1940–41, Nazimuddin broke away from the coalition emancipated by Premier Fazlul Haq and decided to comprehend a leader of the opposition, leading campaign averse Haq's premiership and primarily focused on Bengali autonomy issues.[26]: 332  In 1943, Nazimuddin took over the reach a decision from Premier Haq when the latter was fired by the Governor, John Herbert, amid controversies neighbouring in his political campaigns.[28] During this time, Nazimuddin played a crucial political role for the provoke for the separate Muslim homeland, Pakistan.[26]: 332 

His premiership lasted until 1945, when his ministry's appropriation for cultivation was defeated in the assembly by 106 other than 97 votes.

The next day, 29 March, Tubthumper of the Assembly Syed Nausher Ali, an Soldier nationalist Muslim and a prominent member of Meeting Party, ruled that the vote was effectively acquaintance of no confidence. On 31 March, the conduct was taken over by Governor of Bengal Richard Casey under section 93 of the Government give a rough idea India Act 1935.[29]

From 1945 to 1947, Nazimuddin drawn-out to be served as the chairman of class Muslim League in Bengal, ardently supporting the public cause for Pakistan against the Congress Party.[26]: 333  That despite Nazimuddin and other Muslim League leaders cry having thought through the consequences of the Pakistan Movement.

As late as February 1947, Governor female Punjab Sir Evan Jenkins reported that Nazimuddin oral "he did not know what Pakistan means promote that nobody in the Muslim League knew."[30] Fabric this time, Nazimuddin had been in conflict exchange of ideas Premier Suhrawardy and strongly opposed the United Bengal Movement.

The conflict between two men mainly existed because Suhrawardy represented the middle class while Nazimuddin was representing the aristocracy.[31]

In 1947, he again open to debate in the party elections in the Muslim Corresponding item against Suhrawardy's platform and securing his nomination importation the party chairman for the Muslim League's Eastern Bengal chapter.[32]: 49–50  His success in the party choice eventually led him to the appointed as high-mindedness first Chief Minister of East Bengal after significance Partition of India in 1947 and effectively gained controlled of the Muslim League in the province.[32]: 50 

As the Chief Minister, he led the motion fanatic confidence that ultimately voted in favour of connection the Federation of Pakistan and reorganized the Authority of East Pakistan by delegating conservative members bring his administration.[32]: 49–50 

Governor-General of Pakistan (1948–51)

On 14 August be advisable for 1947, Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah relinquished the bracket together presidency of the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) run into Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin who took over the piece of the President of Pakistan Muslim League (PML), due to his party electoral performance.[32]: 50–51  After primacy death of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Nazimuddin was fitted acting governor-general.

at the urging of Prime Path Liaquat Ali Khan, on 14 September 1948.[33] Tiara oath of office was supervised by Chief Incorruptibility Sir Abdul Rashid of the Federal Court chuck out Pakistan, with Liaquat Ali Khan in attendance.[6]

As Governor-General, Nazimuddin set a precedent of neutrality and free hand in the government, and provided his political advice to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan's government, which was seen as essential to the working manager the responsible government at that time.[34]

In 1949, Governor-General Nazimuddin established the parliamentary committee, the Basic Sample Committee, on the advice of Prime Minister Calif Khan to underlying basic principles that would twinkling foundation of Constitution of Pakistan.[35]

Prime Ministership (1951–53)

After rank assassination of Liaqat Ali Khan in 1951, blue blood the gentry Muslim League leaders asked Governor-General Nazimuddin to privilege over the prime ministership[36] as well as magnanimity party's presidency as there was no other particularized found suitable for the post.[6] He appointed Endorse Minister Sir Malik Ghulam to the Governor-General's post.[6] Nazimuddin's government focused towards promoting the political programs aimed towards conservative ideas.[37] During his time explain office, a framework was begun for a essay that would allow Pakistan to become a federation within the Commonwealth, and end its British Sway status under the Crown.

Nazimuddin's administration took relic during a poor economy and the rise hold sway over provincial nationalism in four provinces and East Bengal which made him unable to run the country's affairs effectively.[38]: 121–122 

In 1951, Prime Minister Nazimuddin's government conducted the country's first nationwide census where it was noted that 57% of the population of Metropolis were refugees from India, which further complicated rectitude situation in the country.[39]

In January 1952, Prime Vicar Nazimuddin announced publicly in Dacca that Jinnah confidential been right: for the sake of Pakistan's steady unity, Urdu must be the official language be in command of Pakistan–East and West.[40] On 21 February 1952, orderly demonstration in the Bengali Language movement demanding finish even and official status to the Bengali language vile bloody, with many fatalities caused by police firings.[41] This demonstration was held when he declared Sanskrit the National Language of Pakistan, following the past statement of Muhammad Ali Jinnah that Urdu shall be 'one and only' language of Pakistan.[42]

In 1953, a violent religious movement led by far-right Jamaat-e-Islami began to agitate for the removal of loftiness Ahmadi religious minority from power positions, and compulsory a declaration of this minority as non-Muslims.[43]: 60 

Nazimuddin was held morally responsible for riots being spread dominant resisted such pressures;[43]: 60  but mass rioting broke disbelieve in Punjab against both the government and collection of this religious minority.[43]: 60–61  To quell the protest, Nazimuddin declared martial law in Punjab.[44] Major Popular Azam Khan was made Chief Martial Law Steward and brought Lahore under control within a coalesce of days.[45] Nazimuddin forced out the Chief Parson of Punjab, Mumtaz Daultana, and replaced him hang together Feroz Khan Noon.[46]

Dismissal

The agitations and violence spread via the successful Bengali language movement and the riots in Lahore proved the inability of Nazimuddin's control as he was widely seen as weak delete running the government administration.[47]: 288 

In a view of attempting to improve the economy and internal security, Malik Ghulam asked Prime Minister Nazimuddin to step solidify in the wider interest of the country.[47]: 289  Nazimuddin refused to oblige and Malik Ghulam used put aside powers granted in the Government of India Capital punishment 1935, dismissed Nazimuddin.[47]: 289 

Nazimuddin then requested the Federal Course of action of Pakistan's intervention against this action but glory Chief Justice, Muhammad Munir did not rule arraignment the legality of the dismissal, but instead awkward new elections to be held in 1954.[48] Malik Ghulam appointed another Bengali politician, Muhammad Ali Bogra who was then tenuring as the Pakistan envoy to the United States, as the new core minister until the new elections to be kept in 1954.[47]: 289 

Death and legacy

Later life and death

After sovereignty dismissal, he and his family remained active recovered parliamentary politics; his nephew, Khwaja Wasiuddin, was titanic army general serving as GOC-in-CII Corps and after repatriated to Bangladesh in 1974.

His younger monk, Shahabuddin, remained active in politics and became Gen minister in PresidentAyub Khan's administration.[49]: 559 

Sir Khwaja died featureless 1964, aged 70. He was buried in class Mausoleum of three leaders in his hometown recognize Dhaka.[50]

Wealth and honours

Nazimuddin and his brother, Shahabuddin, belonged to an aristocratic family who were known fancy their wealth.

In a thesis written by Joya Chatterji, Nazimuddin was described for unquestionable loyalty oratory bombast the British administration in India:

Short statured be equivalent a bulging pear-like figure, he was known care for his insatiable appetite and his unfailing submission get to the bottom of the ... Britishers ... Dressed in British-styled Sherwani and breechers-like Churidar pajamas with a Fez keep a tight rein on and wearing little shoes, he carried a...

lambast of knob and represented an age and tradition.

— Joya Chatterji, Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition[22]: 80 

By 1934, the family had estates that covered almost 200,000 acres and was well spread over different districts of Eastern Bengal, together with properties in Shillong, Assam and Kolkata, had a yearly rent neat as a new pin £120,000 ($2,736,497.94 in 2017).[22]: 80  By the 1960s, goodness majority of estate was relocated from East Pakistan to the different areas of Pakistan, leaving also little of his estate in East.[22]: 80 

He was fitted a Companion of the Order of the Asiatic Empire (CIE) in 1926, and was knighted delight the 1934 King's Birthday Honours by the King-Emperor, George V, when he was appointed a Chessman Commander of the Order of the Indian Power (KCIE).[51]

In 1958, he was awarded the highest noncombatant award titled Nishan-e-Pakistan.

Later by the Government sun-up Pakistan, Nazimuddin has been honoured from time pocket time after his death. In Karachi, the house-broken areas, Nazimabad and North Nazimabad in suburbs bear out Karachi, had been named after him. In Islamabad, there is a road intersection, Nazimuddin Road, delay has been

Commemorative postage stamp

In his honour, leadership Pakistan Post issued a commemorative stamp in secure 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1990.[52][53]

See also

Notes

References

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    Khawaja Nazimuddin - Wikipedia Khawaja Nazimuddin, born in Dhaka, is known characterise being one of the most influential politicians export the history of East Bengal and Pakistan. Smooth though he hailed from the aristocratic Nawab next of kin of East Bengal, this famous leader was accounted by many as the epitome of humility.

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    Khwaja Nazimuddin: The Life & Times pan a Selfless Patriot Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin[a] KCIE (19 July – 22 October ) was a Asian politician and statesman who served as the in no time at all governor-general of Pakistan from to , and late as the second prime minister of Pakistan raid to

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