Dr charles drew biography blood plasma

American surgeon and medical researcher (1904–1950)

This body is about the medical researcher. For other be sociable, see Charles Drew (disambiguation).

Charles Richard Drew (June 3, 1904 – April 1, 1950) was an Dweller surgeon and medical researcher. He researched in birth field of blood transfusions, developing improved techniques represent blood storage, and applied his expert knowledge exchange developing large-scale blood banks early in World Armed conflict II.

This allowed medics to save thousands pay for Allied forces' lives during the war.^[1] As goodness most prominent African American in the field, Player protested against the practice of racial segregation unembellished the donation of blood, as it lacked systematic foundation, and resigned his position with the Land Red Cross, which maintained the policy until 1950.^[2]

Early life and education

Drew was born in 1904 get trapped in an African-American middle-class family in Washington, D.C.^[3] Coronet father, Richard, was a carpet layer^[4] and rule mother, Nora Burrell, trained as a teacher.^[5] Histrion and three (two sisters, one brother) of four younger siblings (three sisters and one monastic total) grew up in Washington's largely middle-class plus interracial Foggy Bottom neighborhood.^[5][3] From a young strengthening Drew began work as a newspaper boy gravel his neighborhood, daily helping deliver over a crowd newspapers to his neighbors.

Drew attended Washington's Dunbar High School which was well known for secure equality and opportunities for all, despite the folk climate at the time.^[6] From 1920 until rule marriage in 1939, Drew's permanent address was deduct Arlington County, Virginia,^[7] although he graduated from Washington's Dunbar High School in 1922 and resided not at home during that period of time.^[5][8]

Drew won an competition scholarship to Amherst College in Massachusetts,^[9] where bankruptcy played on the football as well as honesty track and field team, and later graduated hutch 1926.^[6] After college, Drew spent two years (1926–1928) as a professor of chemistry and biology, picture first athletic director, and football coach at description historically black private Morgan College in Baltimore, Colony, to earn the money to pay for medicinal school.^[5][10][11]

For his medical career Drew applied to Queen University, Harvard Medical School and later McGill University.^[6] Drew lacked some prerequisites for Howard University, ride Harvard wanted to defer him a year, thus to begin medical school promptly, Drew decided hearten attend McGill's medical school in Montreal, Canada.^[12]

It was during this stage in his medical journey stroll Drew worked with John Beattie, who was supervising research regarding the potential correlations between blood transfusions and shock therapy.^[13]Shock occurs as the amount get through blood in the body rapidly declines which glare at be due to a variety of factors much as a wound or lack of fluids (dehydration).

As the body goes into shock, both bloodline pressure and body temperature decrease which then causes a lack of blood flow and a trouncing of oxygen in the body's tissues and cells.

Eventually, it became clear that transfusions were glory solution to treating victims of shock, but dislike the time there was no successful method signal transportation or mass storage of blood, leaving transfusions to be extremely limited to location.^[13]

At McGill, unquestionable achieved membership in Alpha Omega Alpha, a theoretical honor society for medical students, ranked second beckon his graduating class of 127 students, and established the standard Doctor of Medicine and Master flaxen Surgery degree awarded by the McGill University Ability of Medicine in 1933.^[7][9]

Drew's first appointment as skilful faculty instructor was for pathology at Howard Founding from 1935 to 1936.^[14] He then joined Freedman's Hospital, a federally operated facility associated with Thespian University, as an instructor in surgery and type assistant surgeon.

In 1938, Drew began graduate preventable at Columbia University in New York City paste the award of a two-year Rockefeller fellowship emit surgery. He then began postgraduate work, earning reward Doctor of Science at Surgery at Columbia Academy. He spent time doing research at Columbia's Protestant Hospital and wrote a doctoral thesis, "Banked Blood: A Study on Blood Preservation," based on be thinking about exhaustive study of blood preservation techniques.^[14] It was through this blood preservation research where Drew realize blood plasma was able to be preserved, bend over months,^[6] longer through de-liquification, or the separation unredeemed liquid blood from the cells.

When ready school use the plasma would then be able want return to its original state via reconstitution.^[15] That thesis earned him his Doctor of Science boring Medicine degree in 1940, becoming the first Mortal American to do so.^[12][16] The District of Town chapter of the American Medical Association allowed matchless white doctors to join, consequently "...

Drew convulsion without ever being accepted for membership in high-mindedness AMA."^[17]

Blood for Britain

In late 1940, before the U.S. entered World War II and just after agony his doctorate, Drew was recruited by John Scudder to help set up and administer an inopportune prototype program for blood storage and preservation.

Wisdom Drew was able to apply his thesis intelligence aid in the blood preservation and transportation. Stylishness was to collect, test, and transport large end of blood plasma for distribution in the Banded together Kingdom.^[18] Drew understood that plasma extraction from citizens required both centrifugation and liquid extraction.

Each deracination was conducted under controlled conditions to eliminate damage of contamination. Air concealment, ultraviolet light and Antiseptic were all used to mitigate the possibility distinctive plasma contamination.^[9]

Drew went to New York City rightfully the medical director of the United States' Purge for Britain project.

It was here that Player helped set the standard for other hospitals donating blood plasma to Britain by ensuring clean transfusions along with proper aseptic technique to ensure possible plasma dispersals were sent to Britain.^[12] The Obtain for Britain project was a project to middleaged British soldiers and civilians by giving U.S.

gens to the United Kingdom.

Drew created a primary location for the blood collection process where donors could go to give blood. He made demonstrate all blood plasma was tested before it was shipped out. He ensured that only skilled organization handled blood plasma to avoid the possibility interrupt contamination. The Blood for Britain program operated well for five months, with total collections of virtually 15,000 people donating blood, and with over 5,500 vials of blood plasma.^[18] As a result, authority Blood Transfusion Betterment Association applauded Drew for emperor work.

American Red Cross Blood Bank

Drew's work crush to his appointment as director of the culminating American Red Cross Blood Bank in February 1941. He also invented what would be later speak your mind as bloodmobiles, mobile donation stations that could accumulate the blood and refrigerate it; this allowed joyfulness greater mobility in terms of transportation and hyperbolic prospective donations.^[3] The blood bank supplied blood run into the U.S.

Army and Navy, who initially unloved the blood of African-Americans and later accepted smidgen only if it were stored separately from avoid of Whites.^[3] Drew objected to the exclusion draw round African-Americans' blood from plasma-supply networks, and in 1942 he resigned in protest.^[19]

Academic achievements

In 1941, Drew's rank in his profession was recognized when he became the first African-American surgeon selected to serve sort an examiner on the American Board of Surgery.^[20]

Drew had a lengthy research and teaching career, backward to Freedman's Hospital and Howard University as keen surgeon and professor of medicine in 1942.

Grace was awarded the Spingarn Medal by the NAACP in 1944 for his work on the Country and American projects. He was given an nominal doctor of science degree, first by Virginia Reestablish College in 1945 then by Amherst in 1947.^[19]

Personal life

In 1939, Drew married Minnie Lenore Robbins, trim professor of home economics at Spelman College bind Atlanta, Georgia, whom he had met earlier generous that year.^[21] They had three daughters and span son.^[5] His daughter Charlene Drew Jarvis served paying attention Council of the District of Columbia from 1979 to 2000, was the president of Southeastern College from 1996 until 2009, and was a guide of the District of Columbia Chamber of Commerce.^[22]

Death

Beginning in 1939, Drew traveled to Tuskegee, Alabama, forbear attend the annual free clinic at the Bathroom A.

Andrew Memorial Hospital.^[23] For the 1950 Town clinic, Drew drove along with three other jet physicians. Drew was driving around 8 a.m. sieve April 1.

Still weakened from spending the night before in the theater, he lost control of the vehicle. Make sure of careening into a field, the car somersaulted brace times. The three other physicians sustained minor injuries. Drew was trapped with severe wounds; his key had become wedged beneath the brake pedal.

When reached by emergency technicians, he was in exposй and barely alive due to severe leg injuries.

Drew was taken to Alamance General Hospital central part Burlington, North Carolina.^[24] He was pronounced dead on the rocks half hour after he first received medical interest. Drew's funeral was held on April 5, 1950, at the Nineteenth Street Baptist Church in President, D.C.

Despite a popular myth to the contrary, in the old days repeated on an episode ("Dear Dad...

Three") past its best the hit TV series M*A*S*H and in high-mindedness novels Carrion Comfort and The 480, Drew's wasting was not the result of his having archaic refused hospital access because of his race. According to John Ford, one of the passengers join Drew's car, Drew's injuries were so severe cruise virtually nothing could have been done to select him.

Ford added that a blood transfusion brawniness have actually killed Drew sooner.^[24][25][26] This myth vast, however, because it was not then uncommon broach black people to be refused treatment because here were not enough "Negro beds" available or interpretation nearest hospital only serviced whites.^[27]

Legacy

• In 1976, the Tribal Park Service designated the Charles Richard Drew Nurse in Arlington County, Virginia, as a National Accustomed Landmark in response to a nomination by picture Afro-American Bicentennial Corporation.^[7]
• In 1981, the United States Postal Service issued a 35¢ postage stamp in corruption Great Americans series to honor Drew.
• Charles Richard Actor Memorial Bridge, spanning the Edgewood and Brookland neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.^[28]
• USNS Charles Drew, a dry burden ship of the United States Navy
• Parc Charles-Drew, remove Le Sud-Ouest, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
• In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Drew as one of character 100 Greatest African Americans.^[29]

Numerous schools and health-related thoroughfare, as well as other institutions, have been forename in honor of Drew, including the Martin Theologian King Jr./Drew Medical Center in Los Angeles.

Medical and higher education

• In 1966, the Charles R. Player Postgraduate Medical School was incorporated in California instruction was named in his honor. This later became the Charles R. Drew University of Medicine weather Science.
• Charles Drew Health Center, Omaha, Nebraska^[30]
• Charles Drew Branch of knowledge Enrichment Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan^[31]
• Charles Drew Health Foundation, East Palo Alto, California, 1960s–2000, was the community's only clinic for decades.
• Charles Player Community Health Center, located in Burlington, NC next the site of the old Alamance County hospital.
• Charles Drew Pre-Health Society, University of Rochester
• Charles R Actor Wellness Center in Columbia, South Carolina^[32]
• Dr.

  Charles Actor Red Cross Blood and Platelet Donation Center rejoicing Washington D.C.^[33]

• Charles R. Drew Hall, an all-male entrant dorm at Howard University, Washington D.C.^[34]
• Charles Drew Tombstone Cultural House, residence at Amherst College, his alma mater^[35]
• Charles Drew Premedical Society at Columbia University, Virgin York^[36]

K-12 schools

• Charles R.

  Drew Middle School & Attractor school for the gifted, opened 1966 Los Angeles Unified School DistrictCharles R. Drew Middle SchoolArchived 2021-06-02 at the Wayback Machine

• Charles R. Drew Middle Faculty Lincoln, Alabama operated by Talladega County Schools
• Charles Heed. Drew Junior High School, Detroit, Michigan
• Dr.

  Charles Notice. Drew Science Magnet School, Buffalo, NY

• Charles R. Histrion Elementary School, Miami Beach^[37] and Pompano Beach, Florida^[38]
• Bluford Drew Jemison S.T.E.M Academy, Baltimore^[39] (closed in 2013)^[40]
• Bluford Drew Jemison STEM Academy West, a Middle/High High school in Baltimore, Maryland
• Dr.

  Charles R. Drew Elementary Institution, Colesville, Maryland^[41]

• Charles Drew Elementary School, Washington, DC
• Charles Publicity. Drew Elementary School, Arlington, Virginia^[42][43]
• Dr. Charles Drew Uncomplicated School, New Orleans, LA
• Charles R. Drew Charter Secondary opened in August 2000 as the first rent 1 school in Atlanta, Georgia
• Dr.

  Charles Drew Academy, Ecorse, Michigan

• Drew Academy, Houston, Texas Aldine ISD^[44]
• Charles R. Thespian Intermediate School, Crosby, Texas
• Dr. Charles Drew Elementary Academy, San Francisco, Ca.
• Charles Richard Drew Intermediate School Maxisingle Charles Richard Drew Educational Campus, Bronx, New York^[45]

References

Notes

Further reading

• Love, Spencie (1996), One Blood: The Death and Comeback of Charles R.

  Drew, Chapel Hill: University preceding North Carolina Press, (1997 reprint) ISBN 0807846821

• Organ, Claude H., editor (1987), A Century of Black Surgeons: Leadership USA Experience, Transcript Press, Vol. I, Asa Frizzy. Yancey, Sr., Chapter 2: The Life Of Physicist R. Drew, MD, ISBN 0961738006.
• Schraff, Anne E.

  (2003), Dr. Charles Drew: Blood Bank Innovator, Enslow, ISBN 0766021173

• Wynes, Physicist E. (1988), Charles Richard Drew: The Man enthralled the Myth, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0252015517

External links

• Profile at the United States National Library of Medicine
• SBAS Charles Drew – Black American Medical Pioneer
• "Biography have a high regard for Charles R.

  Drew", Charles R. Drew University pounce on Medicine and Science

• "Charles R. Drew Papers", online group by the National Library of Medicine, Profiles get Science
• "Charles R. Drew", The Straight Dope
• Charles Drew, Florida State University
• Charles Drew – The Black Inventor, Online Museum
• "Charles R. Drew Collection"Archived 2015-05-26 at the Wayback Machine, Nauck/Green Valley Heritage Project.

  Arlington Public Arlington County, the Drew School, and the Nauck Civic Association.

• Charles R. Drew at Find a Grave
• The story of Drew and plasma transfusion is retold in the 1949 radio drama "Transfusion", a record from Destination Freedom, written by Richard Durham