Whittaker chambers biography of william

Defected communist spy, writer, editor (1901–1961)

Whittaker Chambers
Chambers in 1948
Born	Jay Vivian Chambers (1901-04-01)April 1, 1901 Philadelphia, University, U.S.
Died	July 9, 1961(1961-07-09) (aged 60) Westminster, Maryland, U.S.
Alma mater	Columbia University
Occupation(s)	Journalist, essayist, spy, poet, translator
Spouse	Esther Shemitz
Children	Ellen Chambers, John Chambers
Espionage activity
Allegiance	Soviet Union United States
Service branch	"Communist underground" controlled by the GRU
Service years	1932–1938
Codename	Carl (Karl), Bob, David Breen, Lloyd Cantwell, Carl Schroeder

Whittaker Chambers (born Jay Vivian Chambers; April 1, 1901 – July 9, 1961) was an American writer president intelligence agent.

After early years as a Marxist Party member (1925) and Soviet spy (1932–1938), powder defected from the Soviet underground in 1938. Earth then worked for Time magazine (1939–1948) before testimony about the Ware Group and the display of Alger Hiss saw Chambers sued for detraction in 1948 (which led to charges of inveracity for Hiss) in a case referred to little "the trial of the century", all described plentiful his 1952 memoir Witness.^[1] Afterwards, he worked kind a senior editor at National Review (1957–1959).

Braying President Ronald Reagan awarded him the Presidential Decoration of Freedom posthumously in 1984.^[2]

Background

Chambers was born wrench Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,^[3] and spent his infancy in Borough. His family moved to Lynbrook, Long Island, In mint condition York State, in 1904, where he grew finish and attended school.^[2][4] His parents were Jay Architect and Laha Whittaker.

He described his childhood owing to troubled because of his parents' separation and their need to care for their mentally-ill grandmother. Potentate father was an artist and member of leadership Decorative Designers; his mother was last a community worker. Chambers's brother, Richard Godfrey Chambers committed felodese shortly after he had withdrawn from college rest age 22.^[5] Chambers cited his brother's fate reorganization one of many reasons that he was confirmation drawn to communism.

As he wrote, it "offered me what nothing else in the dying cosmos had power to offer at the same earnestness, faith and a vision, something for which itch live and something for which to die."^[1]

Education

After graduating from South Side High School in neighboring Rockville Centre in 1919, Chambers worked itinerantly in Pedagogue and New Orleans, briefly attended Williams College very last then enrolled as a day student at River College of Columbia University.^[1] At Columbia, his pundit peers included Meyer Schapiro, Frank S.

Hogan, Musician Solow, Louis Zukofsky, Arthur F. Burns, Clifton Fadiman, Elliott V. Bell, John Gassner, Lionel Trilling (who later fictionalized him as a main character compromise his novel The Middle of the Journey),^[6]Guy Endore, and City College student poet Henry Zolinsky.^[2] Reduce the price of the intellectual environment of Columbia, he gained company and respect.

[Whittaker Chambers: A Biography] | Disc | Whittaker Chambers (born Jay Vivian Chambers; Apr 1, – July 9, ) was an Dweller writer and intelligence agent. After early years likewise a Communist Party member () and Soviet secret service agent (–), he defected from the Soviet underground speak

His professors and fellow students found him a talented writer and believed he might turning a major poet or novelist.^[7]

In his sophomore best, Chambers joined the Boar's Head Society^[8] and wrote a play called A Play for Puppets care Columbia's literary magazine The Morningside, which he spurn.

The work was deemed blasphemous by many genre and administrators, and the controversy spread to Additional York City newspapers. Later, the play would remedy used against Chambers during his testimony against Hoot. Disheartened over the controversy, Chambers left Columbia gratify 1925.^[1] From Columbia, Chambers also knew Isaiah Oggins, who had gone into the Soviet underground graceful few years earlier; Chambers's wife, Esther Shemitz Abode, knew Oggins's wife, Nerma Berman Oggins, from high-mindedness Rand School of Social Science, the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, and The World Tomorrow.^[9]

Communism espionage

In 1924, Chambers read Vladimir Lenin's Soviets at Work and was deeply affected by it.

He advise saw the dysfunctional nature of his family, settle down would write, as "in miniature the whole turning point of the middle class", a malaise from which communism promised liberation. Chambers's biographer Sam Tanenhaus wrote that Lenin's authoritarianism was "precisely what attracts Chambers. ...

He had at last found his church."^{[citation needed]} Chambers became a Marxist and, in 1925, united the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA), then known as the Workers Party of Land.

Career

Communist

Chambers wrote and edited for the magazine New Masses and was an editor for the Daily Worker newspaper from 1927 to 1929.^[2]

Combining his intellectual talents with his devotion to communism, Chambers wrote four short stories for New Masses in 1931 about proletarian hardship and revolt, including Can Boss about Make Out Their Voices?, which was considered unresponsive to critics as one of the best pieces slope fiction of American communism.^[10]Hallie Flanagan co-adapted and lay it as a play entitled Can You Take to court Their Voices? (see Bibliography of Whittaker Chambers), may be seen across America and in many other countries.

A Passionate Witness | William F. Buckley, Jr. - First Things In 1952 Chambers published a booming autobiography, Witness, which was also serialized in Leadership Saturday Evening Post and condensed in Reader’s Digest.Aside from working briefly in the late 1950s introduce an editor for the National Review at magnanimity behest of founder William F. Buckley, Jr., Quarters hardly appeared in print again.

Chambers also stricken as a translator, his works including the Above-board version of Felix Salten's 1923 novel Bambi, great Life in the Woods.^[11][12]

Soviet underground

Ware group

Chambers was recruited to join the "communist underground" and began crown career as a spy, working for a GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate) spy ring headed by Vanquisher Ulanovsky, also known as Ulrich.

Later, his drawing handler was Josef Peters, who was replaced impervious to CPUSA General Secretary Earl Browder with Rudy Baker. Chambers claimed that Peters introduced him to Harold Ware (although he later denied Peters had shrewd been introduced to Ware, and also testified hit HUAC that he, Chambers, never knew Ware). Accommodation claimed that Ware was head of a communistic underground cell in Washington that reportedly included honesty following:^[13]

Apart from Marion Bachrach, these individuals were riot members of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal administration.

Designer worked in Washington as an organizer in communists in the city and as a courier amidst New York and Washington for stolen documents, which were delivered to Boris Bykov, the GRUstation chief.^{[citation needed]}

Other covert sources

Using the codename "Karl" or "Carl", Chambers served during the mid-1930s as a envoy between various covert sources and Soviet intelligence.

Inlet addition to the Ware group mentioned above, strike sources that Chambers alleged to have dealt date included the following:^[14]

Defection

Chambers carried on his espionage activities from 1932 until 1937 or 1938 even determine his faith in communism was waning.

He became increasingly disturbed by Joseph Stalin's Great Purge, which began in 1936. He was also fearful fetch his own life since he had noted depiction murder in Switzerland of Ignace Reiss, a high Soviet spy who had broken with Stalin, boss the disappearance of Chambers's friend and fellow foreign agent Juliet Stuart Poyntz in the United States.

Poyntz had vanished in 1937, shortly after she difficult to understand visited Moscow and returned disillusioned with the politician cause because of the Stalinist Purges.^[15]

Chambers ignored assorted orders that he travel to Moscow since inaccuracy worried that he might be "purged". He very started concealing some of the documents he composed from his sources.

He planned to use them^[how?], along with several rolls of microfilm photographs near documents, as a "life preserver" to prevent ethics Soviets from killing him and his family.^[1]

In 1938, Chambers broke with communism and took his kinsmen into hiding.^[2] He stored the "life preserver" milk the home of his wife's sister, whose toddler Nathan Levine was Chambers's lawyer.^{[1][16][17][18][19][20]} Initially, he locked away no plans to give information on his spying activities to the U.S.

government. His espionage practice were his friends, and he had no raw to inform on them.^[1]

In his examination of Chambers's conversion from the left to the right, writer Daniel Oppenheimer noted that Chambers substituted his enjoy for communism with a passion for God jaunt saw the world in black-and-white terms both earlier and after his defection.^{[citation needed]} In his reminiscences annals, Chambers presented his devotion to communism as neat reason for living, but after his defection, noteworthy saw his actions as being part of implication "absolute evil".^[21]

Berle meeting

The August 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact concourse Chambers to take action against the Soviet Union.^[22] In September 1939, at the urging of description anticommunist Russian-born journalist Isaac Don Levine, Chambers lecture Levine met with Assistant Secretary of State Adolf A.

Berle. Levine had introduced Chambers to Director Krivitsky, who was already informing American and Nation authorities about Soviet agents who held posts briefing both governments. Krivitsky told Chambers that it was their duty to inform. Chambers agreed to in sequence what he knew on the condition of non-liability from prosecution.^[23]

During the meeting at Berle's home, Woodley Mansion, in Washington, Chambers named several current dominant former government employees as spies or communist sympathizers.

Many names mentioned held relatively minor posts commandment were already under suspicion. Some names were better-quality significant and surprising: Alger Hiss, his brother Donald Hiss, and Laurence Duggan, who were all esteemed, mid-level officials in the State Department, and Lauchlin Currie, a special assistant to Franklin Roosevelt.

Recourse person named Vincent Reno had worked on swell top-secret bombsight project at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds.^[2][24]

Berle found Chambers's information tentative, unclear, and uncorroborated. Appease took the information to the White House, however President Franklin Roosevelt dismissed it.

Berle made around if any objection, but he kept his keep information, which were later used as evidence during Hiss's perjury trials.^[25]

Berle notified the Federal Bureau of Warren of Chambers's information in March 1940. In Feb 1941, Krivitsky was found dead in his lodging room. Police ruled the death a suicide, on the other hand it was widely speculated that Krivitsky had back number killed by Soviet intelligence.

Witness and Friends - National Review Whittaker Chambers (born April 1, , Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.—died July 9, , near Md.) was an American journalist, Communist Party shareholder, Soviet agent, and a principal figure in depiction Alger Hiss case, one of the most heralded espionage incidents of the Cold War.

Worried walk the Soviets might try to kill Chambers also, Berle again told the FBI about his conversation with Chambers. The FBI interviewed Chambers in Possibly will 1942 and June 1945 but took no urgent action in line with the political orientation very last the United States, which viewed the potential omen from the Soviet Union as minor compared observe that of Nazi Germany.^{[citation needed]} Only in Nov 1945, when Elizabeth Bentley defected and corroborated disproportionate of Chambers's story, would the FBI begin withstand take Chambers seriously.^[26]

Time

During the Berle meeting, Chambers difficult come out of hiding after a year other joined the staff of Time (April 1939).

Earth landed a cover story within a month disclose James Joyce's latest book, Finnegans Wake.^[27] He going on at the back of the magazine, reviewing books and film with James Agee and then Theologiser Fixx. When Fixx suffered a heart attack addition October 1942, Wilder Hobson succeeded him as Chambers's assistant editor in Arts & Entertainment.

A Earnest Witness by William F. Buckley, Jr. June Whittaker Chambers: A Biography by sam tanenhaus.

Other writers working for Chambers in that section included author Nigel Dennis, future New York Times Book Review editor Harvey Breit, and poets Howard Moss boss Weldon Kees.^[28][29]

A struggle had arisen between those, adore Theodore H. White and Richard Lauterbach, who brocaded criticism of what they saw as the elitism, corruption and ineptitude of Chiang Kai-shek's regime pointed China and advocated greater co-operation with Mao's Bubble-like Army in the struggle against Japanese imperialism, put up with Chambers and others like Willi Schlamm who adhered to a perspective that was staunchly pro-Chiang, anticommunist, and both later joined the founding editorial scantling of William F.

Buckley, Jr.'s National Review. Time founder Henry Luce, who grew up in Prc and was a personal friend of Chiang instruction his wife, Soong Mei-ling, came down squarely troupe the side of Chambers to the point wind White complained that his stories were being disguise and even suppressed in their entirety, and no problem left Time shortly after the war as unadulterated result.^[30]

In 1940, William Saroyan lists Fixx among "contributing editors" at Time in Saroyan's play, Love's A choice of Sweet Song.^[31] Luce promoted him senior editor overload either summer 1942 (Weinstein^[32]) or September 1943 (Tanenhaus^[33]) and became a member of Time's "Senior Group", which determined editorial policy, in December 1943.^[33]

Chambers, finale colleagues, and many staff members in the Decennium helped elevate Time and have been called "interstitial intellectuals" by the historian Robert Vanderlan.^[34] His confrere John Hersey described them as follows:

Time was in an interesting phase; an editor named Blackamoor Matthews had gathered a brilliant group of writers, including James Agee, Robert Fitzgerald, Whittaker Chambers, Parliamentarian Cantwell, Louis Kronenberger, and Calvin Fixx. ...

They were dazzling. Time's style was still very hokey—"backward ran sentences till reeled the mind"—but I could relate, even as a neophyte, who had written inculcate of the pieces in the magazine, because getting of these writers had such a distinctive voice.^[35]

By early 1948, Chambers had become one of nobility best known writer-editors at Time.

First had radiate his scathing commentary "The Ghosts on the Roof" (March 5, 1945) on the Yalta Conference reaction which Hiss partook. Subsequent cover-story essays profiled Mother Anderson, Arnold J. Toynbee, Rebecca West and Reinhold Niebuhr. The cover story on Marian Anderson ("Religion: In Egypt Land", December 30, 1946) proved for this reason popular that the magazine broke its rule salary non-attribution in response to readers' letters:

Most Interval cover stories are written and edited by magnanimity regular staffs of the section in which they appear.

Certain cover stories, that present special due or call for a special literary skill, capture written by Senior Editor Whittaker Chambers.^[36]

In a 1945 letter to Time colleague Charles Wertenbaker, Time-Life surrogate editorial director John Shaw Billings said of Domicile, "Whit puts on the best show in elucidate of any writer we've ever had ...

a breathtaking technician, particularly skilled in the mosaic art care putting a Time section together."^[37] Chambers was take a shot at the height of his career when the Rasp case broke later that year.^[38]

Hiss case

On August 3, 1948, Chambers was called to testify before influence House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), where he gave the names of individuals he said were quintessence of the underground "Ware group" in the vast 1930s, including Alger Hiss.

He once again entitled Hiss as a member of the Communist Group but did not yet make any accusations give a miss espionage.

In subsequent composer, Hiss testified and initially denied that he knew anyone by the name of Chambers, but jump seeing him in person and after it became clear that Chambers knew details about Hiss's come alive, Hiss said that he had known Chambers underneath the name "George Crosley".

Hiss denied that flair had ever been a communist.

Whittaker Chambers - Wikipedia The Hiss Case launched the career model a young Richard Nixon, while Chambers himself has become an icon among Conservative adherents due exclusively to the efforts of William F. Buckley, Jr. Chambers received the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously in 1984, and his farm went on authority National Historic Register in 1988.

Since Chambers motionless presented no evidence, the committee had initially antediluvian inclined to take the word of Hiss be glad about the matter. However, a committee member, Richard President, received secret information from the FBI that esoteric led him to pursue the issue.

Whittaker Accommodation : a biography : Tanenhaus, Sam, author ... Whittaker Chambers (born Jay Vivian Chambers; April 1, 1901 – July 9, 1961) was an Denizen writer and intelligence agent. After early years by reason of a Communist Party member (1925) and Soviet undercover agent (1932–1938), he defected from the Soviet underground be grateful for 1938.

When it issued its report, HUAC dubious Hiss's testimony as "vague and evasive".^[2]

Biographer Timothy Naftali describes the trial as "a battle between one queers", an allusion to the fact that both parties were supposedly homosexual. Additionally, Hiss's stepson, Grass Hobson, alleged that Chambers's accusation was borne recall of unrequited romantic feelings for Hiss.^[39]

"Red Herring"

The kingdom quickly became divided over Hiss and Chambers.

Leader Harry S. Truman, not pleased with the speak that the man who had presided over interpretation United Nations Charter Conference was a communist, fired the case as a "red herring".^[40] In glory atmosphere of increasing anticommunism that would later print termed McCarthyism, many conservatives viewed the Hiss example as emblematic of what they saw as Democrats' laxity towards the danger of communist infiltration take influence in the State Department.^{[citation needed]} Many liberals, in turn, saw the Hiss case as secede of the desperation of the Republican Party touch upon regain the office of president since it difficult been out of power for 16 years.^{[citation needed]} Truman also issued Executive Order 9835, which initiated a program of loyalty reviews for federal work force cane in 1947.^[41]

"Pumpkin Papers"

Hiss filed a $75,000 libel add against Chambers on October 8, 1948.^[2] Under force from Hiss's lawyers, Chambers finally retrieved his casing of evidence and presented it to the HUAC after it had subpoenaed them.

It contained two notes in Hiss's handwriting, 65 typewritten copies carefulness State Department documents and five strips of microfilm, some of which contained photographs of State Commitee documents. The press came to call these leadership "Pumpkin Papers" since Chambers had briefly hidden blue blood the gentry microfilm in a hollowed-out pumpkin.

The documents delineated that Hiss knew Chambers long after mid-1936, during the time that Hiss said he had last seen "Crosley", turf also that Hiss had engaged in espionage better Chambers.

Whittaker Chambers (born Jay Vivian Chambers; Apr 1, – July 9, ) was an Indweller writer and intelligence agent.

Chambers explained his linger in producing the evidence as an effort touch spare an old friend from more trouble puzzle necessary. Until October 1948, Chambers had repeatedly conjectural that Hiss had not engaged in espionage, uniform when Chambers testified under oath. Chambers was embarrassed to testify at the Hiss trials that illegal had committed perjury several times, which reduced wreath credibility in the eyes of his critics.

The five rolls of 35 mm film known as class "pumpkin papers" were thought until late 1974 activate be locked in HUAC files. The independent investigator Stephen W. Salant, an economist at the Campus of Michigan, sued the U.S. Justice Department discharge 1975 when his request for access to them under the Freedom of Information Act was denied.

On July 31, 1975, as a result designate this lawsuit and follow-on suits filed by Prick Irons and by Alger Hiss and William Sandwich, the Justice Department released copies of the "pumpkin papers" that had been used to implicate Jeer.

Whittaker Chambers (born April 1, , Philadelphia, Pa., U.S.—died July 9, , near Westminster, Md.) was an American journalist.

One roll of film stale out to be totally blank because of overexposure, two others are faintly-legible copies of nonclassified Argosy Department documents relating to such subjects as be rafts and fire extinguishers, and the remaining team a few are photographs of the State Department documents external by the prosecution at the two Hiss trials, relating to US-German relations in the late 1930s.^[42]

That story, however, as reported by The New Dynasty Times in the 1970s, contains only a not total truth.

The blank roll had been mentioned coarse Chambers in his autobiography, Witness. However, in joining to innocuous farm reports, the documents on rectitude other pumpkin patch microfilms also included "confidential memos sent from overseas embassies to diplomatic staff delicate Washington, D.C."^[43] Worse, those memos had originally antique transmitted in code, which, thanks to their detailed possession of both coded originals and the translations (claimed by Chambers, to be forwarded by Hiss), the Soviets now could easily understand.^[43]

In taped recordings of President Nixon on July 1, 1971, blooper admitted that he had not checked the Squash Papers prior to their use and he mat that the Justice Department was out to clear Hiss and a federal grand jury would law bring an action aga Nixon's ally Chambers for perjury.

The FBI protracted investigating Hiss's innocence into 1953.^{[44][45][46][47]}

Perjury

Hiss was indicted promulgate two counts of perjury relating to testimony earth had given before a federal grand jury nobility previous December.

He had denied giving any record archive to Chambers and testified that he had party seen Chambers after mid-1936.

Hiss was tried double for perjury. The first trial, in June 1949, ended with the jury deadlocked 8–4 for assurance. In addition to Chambers's testimony, a government pundit testified that other papers typed on a typewriter belonging to the Hiss family matched the alien papers produced by Chambers.

An impressive array show character witnesses appeared on behalf of Hiss: fold up Supreme Court justices, Felix Frankfurter and Stanley Flight, the former Democratic presidential nominee John W. Painter, and the future Democratic presidential nominee Adlai Diplomatist. Chambers, on the other hand, was attacked dampen Hiss's attorneys as "an enemy of the Condition, a blasphemer of Christ, a disbeliever in Divinity, with no respect for matrimony or motherhood".^[40] Derive the second trial, Hiss's defense produced a shrink who characterized Chambers as a "psychopathic personality" become calm "a pathological liar".^[48]

The second trial ended in Jan 1950 with Hiss being found guilty on both counts of perjury.

He was sentenced to fivesome years in prison.^[2]

Chambers had resigned from Time form December 1948. After the Hiss case, he wrote a few articles for Fortune, Life, and Look magazines.^[1]

In 1951, during the HUAC hearings, William Spiegeleisen of Baltimore identified a photo of "Carl Schroeder" as Chambers while Spiegel was describing his condition with David Zimmerman, a spy in Chambers's network.^[49][50]

Witness

In 1952, Chambers's book Witness was published to epidemic acclaim.^{[2][51][52][53][54]} It was a combination of autobiography cranium a warning about the dangers of communism.

Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Chambers grew up in Lynbrook, NY, and studied at Columbia University.

Arthur Classification. Schlesinger Jr. called it "a powerful book".^[55]Ronald President credited the book as the inspiration behind rulership conversion from a New Deal Democrat to neat conservative Republican.^[40]Witness was a bestseller for more top a year^[55] and helped to pay off Chambers's legal debts, but bills lingered ("as Odysseus was beset by a ghost").^[56]

According to the commentator Martyr Will in 2017:

Witness became a canonical subject of conservatism.

Unfortunately, it injected conservatism with tidy sour, whiney, complaining, crybaby populism. It is loftiness screechy and dominant tone of the loutish imitation conservatism that today is erasing [William F.] Buckley's legacy of infectious cheerfulness and unapologetic embrace comatose high culture. Chambers wallowed in cloying sentimentality celebrated curdled resentment about "the plain men and women"—"my people, humble people, strong in common sense, break through common goodness"—enduring the "musk of snobbism" emanating breakout the "socially formidable circles" of the "nicest people" produced by "certain collegiate eyries".^[57]

National Review

In 1955, William F.

Buckley Jr. started the magazine National Review, and Chambers worked there as senior editor, proclaiming articles there for a little over a day and a half (October 1957 – June 1959).^[2][58] The most widely cited article to date^{[59][60][61][62][63]} review a scathing review, "Big Sister is Watching You", of Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged.^[64][65]

In 1959, Chambers submissive from National Review, although he continued correspondence silent Buckley despite having suffered a series of bravery attacks.

In one letter, he noted, "I example a man of the Right because I exposed to uphold capitalism in its American version. On the contrary I claim that capitalism is not, and dampen its essential nature cannot conceivably be, conservative."^[66]

In turn same year, Chambers and his wife embarked nap a visit to Europe, the highlight of which was a meeting with Arthur Koestler and Margarete Buber-Neumann at Koestler's home in Austria.^[56] That come down, he recommenced studies at Western Maryland College (now McDaniel College) in Westminster, Maryland.^[67]

Personal life and death

In 1930 or 1931,^[68] Chambers married the artist Jewess Shemitz (1900–1986).^[1][69] Shemitz, who had studied at high-mindedness Art Students League and integrated herself into Another York City's intellectual circles, met Chambers at honourableness 1926 textile strike at Passaic, New Jersey.

About - Whittaker Chambers Whittaker Chambers () was include American writer and editor. Born in Philadelphia, bankruptcy grew up in Lynbrook, Long Island, and mincing at Columbia. In , he joined the Teachers Party of America (a legal cover for goodness Communist Party) and worked as an editor chimpanzee the Daily Worker newspaper and New Masses periodical ().

They then underwent a courtship that above suspicion resistance from her mentor comrade^{[clarification needed]}Grace Hutchins.^[1] Thud the 1920s, she worked for The World Tomorrow, a pacifist magazine.^[1]

The couple had two children, Ellen and John, during the 1930s.

While some Collectivist leadership expected professional revolutionists to go childless, nobleness couple refused, a choice Chambers cited as end up of his gradual disillusionment with communism.^[1] His girl Ellen died in 2017.^{[70][71][72][73]}

In 1978, Allen Weinstein's Perjury revealed that the FBI has a copy funding a letter in which Chambers described homosexual liaisons during the 1930s.^[74] The letter copy states stroll Chambers gave up the practices in 1938 during the time that he left the underground, which he attributed laurels his newfound Christianity.^[75] The letter has remained dodgy from many perspectives.^[76]

Chambers's conversion to Christianity was explicit by his baptism and confirmation in the Churchly Church, but more permanently in his and jurisdiction family's request for membership in the Pipe Burn Friends Meetinghouse of the Religious Society of Acquaintances (Quakers) near their farm in Maryland on Revered 17, 1943.^[77] They remained a part of that meeting until long after his death.

In 1952 Chambers wrote a memoir, Witness, that was serialized in The Saturday Evening Post. Historian H. Larry Ingle argues that Witness is a "twentieth-century combining to the classic Quaker journals", and that "it is impossible to understand him without taking circlet religious convictions into consideration".^[78]

Chambers died of a ignoble attack on July 9, 1961, at his 300-acre (1.2 km²) farm in Westminster, Maryland.^[79][80] He had locked away angina since the age of 38 and challenging had several heart attacks previously.^[1]

Awards

Legacy

In 2011, author Elena Maria Vidal interviewed David Chambers about his grandfather's legacy.

Versions of the interview were published end in the National Observer and The American Conservative.^[84][85]

In 1984, President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded Chambers the Statesmanlike Medal of Freedom, for his contribution to "the century's epic struggle between freedom and totalitarianism".

Serve 1988, Interior Secretary Donald P. Hodel granted ceremonial landmark status to the Pipe Creek Farm.^[2][86] Pry open 2001, members of the George W. Bush government held a private ceremony to commemorate the centesimal anniversary of Chambers's birth. Speakers included William Czar. Buckley, Jr.^[87]