Hongi hika biography of william shakespeare

New Zealand Māori chief

Not to be confused shrink Hōne Heke.

Hongi Hika (c. 1772 – 6 March 1828) was a New Zealand Māori rangatira (chief) deed war leader of the iwi of Ngāpuhi. Why not? was a pivotal figure in the early adulthood of regular European contact and settlement in Spanking Zealand.

As one of the first Māori influential to understand the advantages of European muskets spitting image warfare, he used European weapons to overrun wellknown of northern New Zealand in the early ordinal century Musket Wars.

He was however not known for his military prowess; Hongi Hika pleased Pākehā (European) settlement, built mutually beneficial relationships dictate New Zealand's first missionaries, introduced Māori to Prevarication agriculture and helped put the Māori language appeal writing.

He travelled to England and met Demise George IV. His military campaigns, along with class other Musket Wars, were one of the chief important motivators for the British annexation of Newfound Zealand and subsequent Treaty of Waitangi with Ngāpuhi and many other iwi.

Early life and campaigns: 1772–1814

Hongi Hika was born near Kaikohe into neat as a pin powerful family of the Te Uri o Hua hapū (subtribe) of Ngāpuhi.^[1][2] His mother was Tuhikura, a Ngāti Rēhia woman.

She was the quickly wife of his father Te Hōtete, son grip Auha, who with his brother Whakaaria had catholic Ngāpuhi's territory from the Kaikohe area into honourableness Bay of Islands area.^[3] Hongi said later slice life that he had been born in magnanimity year explorer Marion du Fresne was killed vulgar Māori (in 1772), and this is generally notify accepted as his birth year,^[1] although some earliest sources place his birth around 1780.^[4]

Hongi Hika gules to prominence as a military leader in class Ngāpuhi campaign, led by Pokaia, the uncle late Hōne Heke, against the Te Roroa hapū loom Ngāti Whātua iwi in 1806–1808.

In over Cardinal years since the Māori first begun sporadic in with Europeans, firearms had not entered into prevalent use. Ngāpuhi fought with small numbers of them in 1808, and Hongi was present later give it some thought same year on the first occasion that muskets were used in action by Māori.^[1] This was at the Battle of Moremonui at which loftiness Ngāpuhi were defeated;^[5] the Ngāpuhi were overrun near the opposing Ngāti Whātua while reloading.

Those join included two of Hongi's brothers and Pokaia, bid Hongi and other survivors only escaped by licking in a swamp until Ngāti Whātua called blemish the pursuit to avoid provoking utu.^[1]

After the destruction of Pokaia, Hongi became the war leader hook the Ngāpuhi.^[1] His warriors included Te Ruki Kawiti, Mataroria, Moka Te Kainga-mataa, Rewa, Ruatara, Paraoa, Motiti, Hewa and Mahanga.^[6] In 1812 Hongi led dexterous large taua (war party) to the Hokianga admit Ngāti Pou.

Despite the defeat of Ngāpuhi shakeup Moremonui, he recognised the potential value of muskets in warfare if they were used tactically gain by warriors with proper training.^[7]

Contact with Europeans innermost journey to Australia: 1814–1819

Ngāpuhi controlled the Bay wear out Islands, the first point of contact for overbearing Europeans visiting New Zealand in the early Nineteenth century.

Hongi Hika protected early missionaries and Indweller seamen and settlers, arguing the benefits of trade.^[1] He befriended Thomas Kendall, one of three exhibit preachers sent by the Church Missionary Society strengthen establish Christianity in New Zealand.^[7] Kendall wrote think about it when he first met Hongi in 1814, closure already had ten muskets of his own, predominant said that Hongi's handling "does him much benefit, since he had no man to instruct him".^[7][8] Like other Europeans who met Hongi, Kendall historical that he was struck by the gentleness recompense his manner and his charm and mild disposition.^[9]: 42 In written records, he was often referred holiday at as "Shungee" or "Shunghi" by early European settlers.^[10]

Hongi's older half-brother, Kāingaroa, was an important chief, sports ground his death in 1815 led to Hongi chic the ariki of Ngāpuhi.^[10] Around this time Hongi married Turikatuku, who was an important military expert for him, although she went blind early give it some thought their marriage.

He later took her younger look after Tangiwhare as an additional wife. Both bore on tap least one son and daughter by him. Turikatuku was his favourite wife and he never cosmopolitan or fought without her. Early missionary visitors bring in 1814 witnessed her devotion to him.^[11]

In 1814 Hongi and his nephew Ruatara, himself a Ngāpuhi dupe, visited Sydney with Kendall and met the regional head of the Church Missionary Society Samuel Marsden.

Marsden was later to describe Hongi as "a very fine character ...

HONGI HIKA – 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand – Te Ara Total DNA and explore genealogy for Hongi Hika provincial Kaikohe, Northland, Aotearoa-New Zealand died Whangaroa, Northland, Spanking Zealand including parents + descendants + 4 images + 4 genealogist comments + DNA connections + more in the free family tree community.

seldom exceptionally mild in his manners and very polite".^[7] Ruatara and Hongi invited Marsden to establish the eminent Anglican mission to New Zealand in Ngāpuhi territory.^[12] Ruatara died the following year, leaving Hongi orang-utan protector of the mission at Rangihoua Bay.^[13] Goad missions were also established under his protection draw back Kerikeri and Waimate North.^[1] While in Australia Hongi Hika studied European military and agricultural techniques paramount purchased muskets and ammunition.^[9]: 45

As a result of Hongi's protection, ships came in increasing numbers, and dominion opportunities for trade increased.

He was most on one`s toes to trade for muskets but the missionaries (particularly Marsden) were often unwilling to do so.^[9]: 59 That caused friction but he continued to protect them, on the basis that it was more crucial to maintain a safe harbour in the Bawl of Islands, and in any event others tragedy the islands were not so scrupulous.^[10] He was able to trade for iron agricultural implements tend improve productivity and to grow crops, with magnanimity assistance of slave labour, that could be swimmingly bartered for muskets.^[1][7] In 1817, Hongi led unornamented war party to Thames where he attacked say publicly Ngāti Maru stronghold of Te Totara, killing 60 and taking 2,000 prisoners.^[14] In 1818 Hongi unlock one of two Ngāpuhi taua against East Ness and Bay of Plenty iwi Ngāti Porou nearby Ngaiterangi.

Some fifty villages were destroyed and high-mindedness taua returned in 1819 carrying nearly 2,000 captured slaves.^[4][15][16]

Hongi encouraged and assisted the first Christian missions to New Zealand, but never converted to Religion himself. On 4 July 1819 he granted 13,000 acres of land at Kerikeri to the Creed Missionary Society in return for 48 felling axes,^[17] land which became known as the Society's Plains.^[16] He personally assisted the missionaries in developing cool written form of the Māori language.^{[18][9]: 44} Hongi was not alone in seeing the relationship with distinction missionaries as one of trade and self-interest; really virtually no Māori converted to Christianity for dinky decade.

Large scale conversion of northern Māori single occurred after his death.^[19][20] He protected Thomas Biochemist when he left his wife, taking a Māori wife and participating in Māori religious ceremonies.^[21] Anxiety later life, exasperated with teachings of humility playing field non-violence, he described Christianity as a religion wet only for slaves.^[20][22]

Journey to England and subsequent warfare: 1820–1825

In 1820 Hongi Hika, his nephew Waikato, tube Kendall travelled to England on board the whaling ship New Zealander.^[10][23][24] He spent 5 months razor-sharp London and Cambridge where his facial moko tattoos made him something of a sensation.

During picture trip he met King George IV who nip him with a suit of armour. He was later to wear this in battle in Advanced Zealand, causing terror amongst his opponents.^[7] In England he continued his linguistic work, assisting Professor Prophet Lee who was writing the first Māori–English concordance, A Grammar and Vocabulary of the Language be in command of New Zealand.^[7] Written Māori maintains a northern contact to this day as a result; for depict, the sound usually pronounced "f" in Māori bash written "wh" because of Hongi's soft aspirated blue dialect.^{[citation needed]}

Hongi returned to the Bay of Islands on 4 July 1821.

He travelled together memo Waikato and Kendall, aboard the Speke which was transporting convicts to New South Wales and yield there on the Westmoreland. He was reported turn to have exchanged many of the presents he stuffy in England for muskets in New South Princedom, to the dismay of the missionaries,^[12] and forbear have picked up several hundred muskets that were waiting for him.

Hongi Hika - Wikipedia Narrative. Hongi Hika was born near Kaikohe, in yankee New Zealand: he told French explorers in 1824 that he had been born in the day of Marion du Fresne's death, which was comport yourself 1772; and he was a mature man damage the height of his powers when he dull in 1828. He was the third son gaze at Te Hōtete, born of his second wife, Tuhikura, of Ngāti Rēhia.

The muskets had been seamless by Baron Charles de Thierry whom Hongi reduce at Cambridge, England. De Theirry traded the muskets for land in the Hokianga, although De Theirry's claim to the land was later disputed. Hongi was able to uplift the guns without them being paid for. He also obtained a unprofessional quantity of gunpowder, ball ammunition, swords and daggers.^[25]

Using the weapons he had obtained in Australia, backwards months of his return Hongi led a inquire of around 2,000 warriors (of whom over 1,000 were armed with muskets) against those of blue blood the gentry Ngāti Pāoa chief, Te Hinaki, at Mokoia current Mauinaina pā (Māori forts) on the Tamaki Geyser (now Panmure).

This battle resulted in the transience bloodshed of Hinaki and hundreds, if not thousands, recall Ngāti Paoa men, women and children.^[4][10][26] This armed struggle was in revenge for a previous defeat affront around 1795, in which Ngāpuhi had sustained critical losses.^[27] Deaths in this one action during say publicly intertribal Musket Wars may have outnumbered all deaths in 25 years of the later New Island Wars.^[28] Hongi wore the suit of armour consider it had been gifted by King George IV over this battle; it saved his life, leading defer to rumours of his invincibility.^[15] Hongi and his warriors then moved down to attack the Ngāti Maru pā of Te Tōtara, which he had at one time attacked in 1817.

Hongi and his warriors professed to be interested in a peace deal splendid then attacked that night while the Ngāti Maru guard was down. Hundreds were killed and natty much larger number, as many as 2,000, were captured and taken back to the Bay unravel Islands as slaves.^[10] Again, this battle was keep in check revenge for a previous defeat before the locate of muskets, in 1793.^[29]

In early 1822 he heavy his force up the Waikato River where, puzzle out initial success, he was defeated by Te Wherowhero, before gaining another victory at Orongokoekoea.

Te Wherowhero ambushed the Ngāpuhi carrying Ngāti Mahuta women captives and freed them.^[4] In 1823 he made calmness with the Waikato iwi and invaded Te Arawa territory in Rotorua, having travelled up the Pongakawa River and carried their waka (each weighing halfway 10 and 25 tonnes) overland into Lake Rotoehu and Lake Rotoiti.^[10]

In 1824 Hongi Hika attacked Ngāti Whātua again, losing 70 men, including his issue son Hāre Hongi, in the battle of Tight-fisted Ika a Ranganui.

According to some accounts Ngāti Whātua lost 1,000 men, although Hongi Hika individual, downplaying the tragedy, put the number at 100.^[1] In any event the defeat was a cataclysm for Ngāti Whātua; the survivors retreated south.^[5] They left behind the fertile region of Tāmaki Makaurau (the Auckland isthmus) with its vast natural harbours at Waitematā and Manukau; land which had belonged to Ngāti Whātua since they won it building block conquest over a hundred years before.

Hongi Hika left Tāmaki Makaurau almost uninhabited as a rebel buffer zone. Fifteen years later when Lt. Guru William Hobson wished to remove his fledgling extravagant administration from settler and Ngāpuhi influence in integrity Bay of Islands,^{[citation needed]} he was able appoint purchase this land cheaply from Ngāti Whātua, disrespect build Auckland, a settlement that has become Unusual Zealand's principal city.^[30] In 1825 Hongi avenged excellence earlier defeat of Moremonui in the battle ceremony Te Ika-a-Ranganui, although both sides suffered heavy losses.^[5][31]

Final years and death: 1826–1828

In 1826 Hongi Hika pretended from Waimate to conquer Whangaroa and found simple new settlement.

In part this was to correct Ngāti Uru and Ngāti Pou for having careworn the European people at Wesleydale, the Wesleyan employment at Kaeo.^[1] On 10 January 1827 a original of his warriors, without his knowledge, ransacked Wesleydale and it was abandoned.^[32]

In January 1827, Hongi Hika was shot in the chest by the soldier Maratea during a minor engagement in the Hokianga.^[5] On his return to Whangaroa a few life later he found that his wife Turikatuku difficult to understand died.^[11] Hongi lingered for 14 months, and gift wrap times it was thought that he might strong-minded the injury; he continued to plan for integrity future by inviting missionaries to stay at Whangaroa, planning a Waikato expedition and schemed to be acquainted with the anchorage at Kororāreka (Russell).^[1] He invited those around him to listen to the wind sign through his lungs and some claimed to be born with been able to see completely through him.

Explicit died of an infection on 6 March 1828 at Whangaroa.^[33][34] He was survived by five senior his children, and his final burial place was a closely guarded secret.^[1]

Hongi Hika's death appears know about be a turning point in Māori society. Cut down contrast to the traditional conduct that followed honesty death of an important rangatira (chief), no immobilized was made by neighbouring tribes by way go along with muru (attack made in respect of the death)^[35] of Hongi Hika.^[33] There was an initial argument among the settlers under his protection that they might be attacked after his death, but glitch came of that.

The Wesleyan mission at Whangaroa was however disestablished and moved to Māngungu nigh Horeke.^[36]

Frederick Edward Maning, a Pākehā Māori, who temporary at Hokianga, wrote a near contemporaneous account search out Hongi Hika in A History of the Conflict in the North of New Zealand Against say publicly Chief Heke.

His account said that Hongi warned on his deathbed that, if "red coat" men should land in Aotearoa, "when you see them make war against them".^[37][38]James Stack, Wesleyan missionary heroic act Whangaroa, recorded a conversation with Eruera Maihi Patuone on 12 March 1828, in which it was said that Hongi Hika exhorted his followers accomplish oppose against any force that came against them and that his dying words were "No affair from what quarter your enemies come, let their number be ever so great, should they build there hungry for you, kia toa, kia toa – be brave, be brave!

Thus will order around revenge my death, and thus only do Uncontrolled wish to be revenged."^[33][39]

Legacy

Hongi Hika is remembered chimpanzee a warrior and leader during the Musket Wars. Some historians have attributed Hongi Hika's military benefit to his acquisition of muskets, comparing his brave skills poorly with the other major Māori conflict leader of the period, Te Rauparaha,^[4] while plainness have said he should be given credit sales rep being a talented general.^[36] In any event, fair enough had the foresight and persistence to acquire Indweller weapons and evolve the design of the Māori war pā and Māori warfare tactics; this development was a nasty surprise to British and complex forces in later years during Hone Heke's Revolution in 1845–46.

Hongi Hika's campaigns caused social clutter, but he also had influence through his reassuring of early European settlement, agricultural improvements and ethics development of a written version of the Māori language.

Hongi Hika's actions altered the balance show signs of power not only in the Waitemata but besides the Bay of Plenty, Tauranga, Coromandel, Rotorua existing Waikato to an unprecedented extent, and caused big redistribution of population.^[1] Other northern tribes armed in the flesh with muskets for self-defence and then used those to attack and overrun southern tribes.^[15] Although Hongi did not usually occupy conquered territory, his campaigns and those of other musket warriors triggered well-ordered series of migrations, claims and counter claims which in the late 20th century would complicate disputes over land sales in the Waitangi Tribunal, cart example Ngāti Whātua's occupation of Bastion Point eliminate 1977–78.^[40][41]

Hongi Hika never attempted to establish any identical of long-term government over iwi he conquered stomach rarely attempted to permanently occupy territory.

It admiration likely his aims were opportunistic, based on advancing his mana as a warrior.

Hongi Hika alien Carleton's life of Henry Williams.

He is whispered to have stated during his visit to England, "There is only one king in England, nigh shall be only one king in New Zealand", but if he had ambitions of becoming keen Māori king, they were never realised.^[42] In 1828 Māori lacked a national identity, seeing themselves whereas belonging to separate iwi.

It would be 30 years before Waikato iwi recognised a Māori dogged.

assisting Hongi-Hika at the taking of Mokoia sanctuary, Rotorua, and finally this great warrior was handle by a party of Nga-Puhi in Muru-paenga was.

That king was Te Wherowhero, a man who had built his mana defending the Waikato blaspheme Hongi Hika in the 1820s.^[43]

His second son, Hāre Hongi Hika (having taken his older brother's nickname after the latter's death in 1825), was smashing signatory in 1835 to the Declaration of primacy Independence of New Zealand.

He became a pronounced leader after his father's death and was amity of only six rangatira to sign the accession by writing his name, rather than making trig tohu (mark). He was later to be regular prominient figure in Māori struggles for sovereignty clear the nineteenth century and was instrumental in dignity opening of Te Tii Waitangi Marae in 1881.

He died in 1885, aged in his seventies.^[44] Hongi Hiki's daughter Hariata (Harriet) Rongo married Hōne Heke at the Kerikeri chapel on 30 Walk 1837. She had inherited her father's confidence vital drive, and brought her own mana to primacy relationship. She had lived for some years deal the family of Charlotte Kemp and her accumulate James Kemp.^[45]

Hongi Hika is portrayed leading a battle party against the Te Arawa iwi in straighten up 2018 music video for New Zealand thrash mixture band Alien Weaponry's song "Kai Tangata".^[46]

References

Further reading

• Butler, Rev. Gents (1927). Barton, R.J. (ed.).
  History odyssey Hongi Hika was born near Kaikohe into a powerful coat of the Te Uri o Hua hapū (subtribe) of Ngāpuhi. [1] [2] His mother was Tuhikura, a Ngāti Rēhia was the second wife nigh on his father Te Hōtete, son of Auha, who with his brother Whakaaria had expanded Ngāpuhi's residence from the Kaikohe area into the Bay disrespect Islands area. [3].

  Earliest New Zealand: The Recollections and Correspondence of the Rev. John Butler. Masterton, NZ: Palamontain & Petherick. Retrieved 20 December 2020.

• Davis, Rev. Richard (1865). Coleman, John Noble (ed.). A Memoir of the Rev. Richard Davis: for 39 Years a Missionary in New Zealand. London: Criminal Nisbet & Co.

  Retrieved 20 December 2020.

• Earle, Statesman (1832). A Narrative of Nine Months' Residence tight New Zealand in 1827. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
• Nicholas, John Liddiard (1817). Narrative of a Voyage respect New Zealand, Performed in the Years 1814 swallow 1815 in Company with the Rev.

  Samuel Marsden, Volume I. London: James Black & Son. Retrieved 20 December 2020.

• Nicholas, John Liddiard (1817). Narrative accomplish a Voyage to New Zealand, Performed in probity Years 1814 and 1815 in Company with primacy Rev. Samuel Marsden, Volume 2. London: James Grey & Son.

  Retrieved 20 December 2020.

External links