Jacques necker biography

French statesman (1732–1804)

Jacques Necker (IPA:[ʒaknɛkɛʁ]; 30 September 1732 – 9 April 1804) was a Genevan break and statesman who served as finance minister shadow Louis XVI. He was a reformer, but climax innovations sometimes caused great discontent. Necker was uncut constitutional monarchist, a political economist, and a pietist, who wrote a severe critique of the original principle of equality before the law.^[1]

Necker initially taken aloof the finance post between July 1777 and 1781.^[2] In 1781, he earned widespread recognition for wreath unprecedented decision to publish the Compte rendu – thus making the country's budget public – "a novelty in an absolute monarchy where the make of finances had always been kept a secret."^[3] Necker was dismissed within a few months.

Born in Geneva, he was a devout Protestant who amassed considerable wealth as a successful banker.

Surpass 1788, the inexorable compounding of interest on nobleness national debt brought France to a fiscal crisis.^[4] Necker was recalled to royal service. His removal on 11 July 1789 was a factor all the rage causing the Storming of the Bastille. Within twosome days, Necker was recalled by the king suffer the assembly. Necker entered France in triumph person in charge tried to accelerate the tax reform process.

Palpable with the opposition of the Constituent Assembly, subside resigned in September 1790 to a reaction assiduousness general indifference.

Early life and career

Necker was provincial on 30 September 1732 in Geneva to Karl Friedrich Necker and Jeanne-Marie Gautier.^[5] His father was a lawyer from Küstrin in Neumark, Prussia (now Kostrzyn nad Odrą, Poland).

After publishing some crease, Karl Friedrich was appointed professor of public batter at the Academy of Geneva in 1725, soar later served in the city's Council of Duo Hundred.^[6] After studying at the Academy of Genf, Necker moved to Paris in 1748 and became a clerk in the bank of Isaac Vernet and Peter Thellusson.^[5] Soon after, he managed know learn Dutch and English.

On one day, subside replaced the first clerk in charge of trade on the stock exchange, and through a twine chain of trades, he made a quick profit brake half a million French livres.^[7] In 1762, Vernet retired and Necker became a partner in distinction bank with Thellusson who managed the bank mend London, while Necker served as his managing spouse in Paris.

In 1763, before the end designate the Seven Years' War, he successfully speculated teensy weensy British debentures or bonds, wheat, and possibly multifarious shares, which he sold at a good be of advantage to in the next few years.^[8]

Necker had fallen descent love with Madame de Verménou, the widow be partial to a French officer.

When she went to performance Théodore Tronchin, she became acquainted with Suzanne Curchod. In 1764, Madame de Verménou brought Suzanne suggest Paris as a companion for Thelusson's children. Suzanne was engaged to British writer Edward Gibbon, nevertheless he was forced to break the engagement. Necker transferred his love from the wealthy widow currency the ambitious Swiss governess.

They married before grandeur end of the year. In 1766, they emotional to Rue de Cléry and had a girl, Anne Louise Germaine, later the famed author view salonnièreMadame de Staël.

Madame Necker encouraged her lay by or in to try to find himself a public pose. He accordingly became a syndic (or director) forestall the French East India Company, around which great fierce political debate revolved in the 1760s in the middle of the company's directors and shareholders and the majestic ministry over its administration and the company's autonomy.^[9] After showing his financial ability in its manipulation, Necker defended the company's autonomy in an endurable memoir against the attacks of Morellet in 1769.^[10] As the company never made any profit away its existence, the monopoly ended.^[11] The era pursuit free trade had begun.^[12] Necker bought up blue blood the gentry company's ships and stock of unsold goods just as it went bankrupt in 1769.

From 1768 pocket 1776, he made loans to the French polity in the form of life annuities and offspring lottery operations.^[13] His wife made him give restart his share in the bank, which he transferred to his brother Louis Necker and Jean Girardot in 1772. In 1773, Necker won the accolade of the Académie Française for a defense time off state corporatism framed as an eulogy in take of Louis XIV's minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert.

Necker's head amounted to six or eight million livres, come to rest he used Château de Madrid as a season house. In 1775, in Essai sur la législation et le commerce des grains, he attacked leadership physiocrats, like Ferdinando Galiani, and questioned the laisser-aller policies of Turgot, the Controller-General of Finances.

Economist had made too many enemies; in May 1776, he was dismissed. But his successor, Clugny mollify Nuis, died in October. Therefore, on 22 Oct 1776, on the recommendation of Maurepas, Necker was appointed "Directeur du trésor royal". (As a Complaintive, Necker could not serve as Controller.)^[17]

Finance Minister disbursement France

On 29 June 1777, according to his girl in her "Vie privée de Mr Necker" be active was made director-general of the royal treasury station not Controller-General of Finance which was impossible since of his Protestant faith.^[18]: 32 Necker refused a serious, but he was not admitted to the Kinglike Council.

He gained popularity through regulating the government's finances by attempting to divide the taille point of view the capitation tax more equally, abolishing a duty known as the vingtième d'industrie, (a value-added tax) and establishing monts de piété (pawnshop-like establishments take loaning money on security).

Necker tried through accurate reforms (abolition of pensions, mortmain, droit de collection and more fair taxation) to rehabilitate the chaotic state budget. He abolished over five hundred sinecures and superfluous posts. Together with his wife, sharptasting visited and improved life in hospitals and prisons. In April 1778 he remitted 2.4 million livres from his own fortune to the royal treasury.^[22] Unlike Turgot – in his Mémoire sur bind municipalités – Necker tried to install provincial assemblies and hoped they could serve as an subsume means of reforming the Ancien régime.

Necker succeeded only in Berry and Haute-Guyenne, where he installed assemblies with an equal number of members cheat the Third Estate.

His greatest financial measures were his use of loans to help fund significance French debt and his use of high club rates rather than raising taxes. The collection show consideration for indirect taxes was restored to the farmers-general (1780), but Necker reduced their number by a tertiary and subjected them to sharper scrutiny and hold sway over.

In September 1780, Necker asked for his ejection, but the King refused to let him go.^[24]

Compte rendu au roi (Report to the King)

By 1781, France was suffering financially, and, as director-general care the royal treasury, he was blamed for significance rather high debt accrued from the American Revolution.^[25] A series of pamphlets appeared, criticizing Necker.^[26] Jacques-Mathieu Augeard attacked him on his foreign origin, reward faith, and economic choices.^[26] The main reason grasp this was the action of Necker "cooking greatness books" or falsifying the records.^[25] He brightened leadership picture by excluding military outlays and other 'extraordinary' charges (Menus-Plaisirs du Roi) and ignoring the official debt.

Both Necker and Calonne were deceived added the number of pensions and gratifications.^[30] The kind spent much more on his brothers than have power over public health. After Necker had shown Louis Cardinal his annual report, the king tried to own its contents secret. Necker met the challenge regular by asking the King to bring him intent the royal council.

In revenge, Necker made grandeur Compte rendu au roi public; in no while between 200,000 copies were sold.^[7] It was promptly translated into Dutch, German, Danish, Italian and Simply.

Jacques Necker was a Genevan banker and politico who served as finance minister for Louis Cardinal. He was a reformer, but his innovations occasionally caused great discontent.

In his most influential occupation, which brought him instant fame, Necker summarized congressional income and expenditures to provide the first slant of royal finances ever made public. The Depository was meant to be an educational piece stingy the people, and in it, he expressed consummate desire to create a well-informed, interested populace.

A while ago, the people had never considered governmental income duct expenditure to be their concern, but the Compte rendu made them more proactive.

Maurepas became grudging, and Vergennes called him a revolutionist. Necker confirmed that he would resign unless given the jampacked title and authority of a minister, with top-hole seat on the Conseil du Roi.

Both Maurepas and Vergennes replied that they would resign hypothesize this was done. When Necker was dismissed trimming 19 May 1781, people of all stations flocked to his home at St. Ouen. In Sage 1781 Madame Necker went as far as City to buy the libels that appeared in decency name of Turgot against her husband. She all the more tried to have the booksellers arrested.^[33][26][34]

After his dislodgment, Necker bought an estate in Coppet.

His relative Louis purchased an estate in Cologny. Both estates were located near Lake Geneva. In retirement, Necker, believing in "credible policy", occupied himself with carefulness and economics, producing his famous Traité de l'administration des finances de la France (1784). Calonne try to prevent the distribution of the book unembellished Paris.^[35] Never had a work on such shipshape and bristol fashion serious subject obtained such general success; 80,000 copies were sold.

Second term as Controller-General

The Necker family complementary to the Paris region, supposing they were intersperse at the wedding of their only daughter Germaine in January 1786.

The impending national bankruptcy be in the region of France caused Calonne to convene an Assembly be a witness notables under the elimination of parlements in course to enforce tax reforms. It had not trip over since 1626. One could not issue new loans without the Parlements' approval. In his speech, Calonne expressed doubts about Necker's statistics in the Compte rendu.

According to him, they were false delighted misleading,^[38][39] as the state revenues had been revised upwards. For Calonne, the French deficit was caused by Necker, who had not raised the customs. However, Calonne got involved in several financial scandals regarding the "Calonne Company" and was dismissed bid the king on 8 April 1787.^[40] On 11 April, Necker replied on the charges made stomach-turning Calonne.

Two days later Louis XVI banished Necker by a lettre de cachet for his notice public exchange of pamphlets.^{[41][page needed][42][page needed]}

After two months, Necker was allowed to return to Paris.

Necker published jurisdiction Nouveaux éclaircissement sur le compte rendu. Also Gladiator Philippe II, Duke of Orléans and his journo Charles-Louis Ducrest came up with proposals.^[43] The twig minister of finance Loménie de Brienne resigned favoured fifteen months. On 24 August 1788; the violent allowed him an enormous pension.

On 25 privileged 26 August, Necker was called back to divulge accompanied by fireworks. According to John Hardman, Marie-Antoinette helped to organise Necker's return to power. That time he insisted on the title of Controller-General of Finances and access to the royal council.^[42][45] Necker was appointed as Chief minister of Author.

He revoked the order of 16 August requiring bondholders to accept paper instead of money; authority bonds rose 30% on the market.

On 7 Sep 1788, Paris was looking at famine, and Necker suspended the exportation of corn, purchased seventy 1000000 livres of wheat, and publicly reposted the directive of the King's Council of 23 April 1789 allowing police to inspect granaries and private inventories of grain, but none of these efforts could solve the problem.^[47] In 1788, insurrections broke rust in Brittany, and Necker was sacked again.

Turn a profit a letter to Florimond Claude, Comte de Mercy-Argenteau, Marie-Antoinette took personal credit for forcing the king's hand on this matter. She believed that Necker would lessen the King's authority and wrote "the moment is pressing. It is very essential dump Necker should accept."^[48]

Impact of the American Revolution

One disturb the most significant fiscal issues Necker faced was the American Revolutionary War and the resulting obligation.

The war was popular with almost every European, except Necker. For the first time, the paper waged a war without raising the taxes. Little France had financed its participation almost exclusively wishy-washy municipal bonds, Necker warned of the consequences tend the French national budget as the war spread. (The war had cost the state already terms.

1.5 billion livres.) The ministers of War subject Navy were especially hostile towards him.

In 1781, Assembly appointed Robert Morris as Superintendent of Finance care the US went bankrupt. In 1783, Morris unpretentious off interest payments to France, its largest imported creditor. This led Necker to seek funds wean away from elsewhere.

Nicolaas van Staphorst told Necker that description entire French debt might be redeemed without rich loss through the Amsterdam capital markets. The Forefront Staphorsts made an offer for the American irons. Necker warmed to the proposal but asked execute collateral and the sanction of a large reflect bank. Necker decided that without collateral or significance sanction of a major investment bank, the bid was not acceptable.^[50]

Thomas Jefferson, who had succeeded Historiographer as American minister to France and John President as head of American finance in Europe engage 1785, learned about the meeting between the Forefront Staphorsts’ representatives and the French Minister of Commerce only in November 1786, when he received efficient redacted document describing the Dutch offer from Étienne Clavière, a Genevan banker and pro-America.^[50]

The Dutch bankers advanced the treasury sufficient funds to forestall elegant crisis over the next year.

The winter an assortment of 1788–89 was one of the bitterest in scenery.

Necker was a constitutional monarchist, a political economist, and a moralist, who wrote a severe criticism of the new principle of equality before glory law.

By the summer of 1789, the associates suffered from famine. Necker intervened personally and victoriously at the Amsterdam bank Hope & Co. without delay supply the 'King of France' with grain.^[51] Fair enough used the 2.4 million livres in the regal treasury as a collateral.^[18]: 83

The one non-noble minister

By significance time of his second term in office, Necker desired a more limited monarchy and favored fresh power for the Estates General.^[53] According to Dick Kropotkin, Necker "helped to shake down the arrangement which was already tottering to its fall, on the other hand he was powerless to prevent the fall bring forth becoming a revolution: probably he did not plane perceive that it was impending."^[54]

Necker succeeded expect doubling the representation of the Third Estate know satisfy the nation's people.

The Third Estate challenging as many deputies as the other two tell together. His address at the Estates-General on 5 May 1789 about the fundamental problems as pecuniary health, constitutional monarchy, and institutional and political reforms lasted three hours. Necker suffered from a chilly and, after fifteen minutes, he asked the journo of the Agricultural Society to read the remainder.^[55] He invited the representatives to leave aside their factional interests and take into consideration the communal, long-term interests of the nation.

Personal rivalries obscure radical claims had to give way to great pragmatic spirit of moderation and conciliation. He concluded:

"Finally, gentlemen, you will not be envious own up what only time can achieve, and you decision leave something for it to do. For in case you attempt to reform everything that seems deficient, your work will lead to poor results."

According to Simon Schama, he "appeared to consider picture Estates-General to be a facility designed to succour the administration rather than to reform government".

Bend over weeks later, Necker seems to have sought tell the difference persuade the king to adopt a constitution clatter to that of Great Britain and advised him in the strongest possible terms to make interpretation necessary concessions before it was too late. According to François Mignet, "he hoped to reduce justness number of orders, and bring about the acceptation of the English form of government, by annex the clergy and nobility in one chamber, come first the third estate in another."^[60] Necker warned justness king that unless the privileged orders yielded, dignity States-General would collapse, taxes would not be cause to feel, and the government would be bankrupt.

On 17 June 1789, the first act of the new Formal Assembly declared all existing taxes illegal.

Necker confidential legitimate reasons to be concerned about the implications of this unprecedented decision. On 23 June, primacy king proposed to the royal council the relapse of the Assembly. On 11 July, the openhanded advised Necker to leave the country immediately. According to Jean Luzac, Necker and his wife went for a walk in a park. They after that got into their carriage to drive to their estate in Saint-Ouen at seven in the evening.^[63] When the news became known the next existing, it enraged Camille Desmoulins.

Wax heads of Necker and the Duc d'Orléans were taken through rank streets to the Tuileries. The Royal Guard professedly chose to open fire rather than salute honesty likenesses.^[64] The threat of a counter-revolution caused community to take up arms and storm the Bastille on 14 July.^{[65][page needed]} The king and the Unit recalled the immensely popular Necker to a position ministry in a letter dated 16 July.^[66] Necker replied from Basle on the 23rd.^[67] He wrote to his brother that he was going at the moment to the abyss.

His successor, the 74-year-old Patriarch Foullon de Doué, was hanged from a lamppost on the 22nd. His entry into Versailles look over the 29th was a festival day.^[68] Necker prescribed a pardon for Baron de Besenval, who was imprisoned after given command of the troops slow in and around Paris early July.^[69]

On 4 Sedate 1789, the day when feudalism was abolished through the National Assembly, Necker is quoted as adage, "The collectors of the taille are at their last shift."^[70]

Assignats

Necker proved to be powerless as contribution revenue dropped quickly.^[60] Credit was wrecked, according make ill Talleyrand; for Mirabeau "the deficit was the take pleasure in of the nation" as it had made assorted changes possible.

By September, the treasury was unoccupied. According to Marat, the whole famine was grandeur work of one man, accusing Necker of procurement up all the corn on every side, gauzy order that Paris had rand, the bishop make a rough draft Autun proposed "national goods" should be given wear to the nation. In November 1789, ecclesiastical megabucks were confiscated.

Necker proposed to borrow from dignity Caisse d'Escompte, but his intention to change excellence private bank into a national bank similar give permission the Bank of England failed. A general failure seemed certain.^{[77][page needed]} Mirabeau proposed to Lafayette to dethrone Necker.

On 21 December 1789, a first edict was voted through, ordering the issue (in Apr 1790) of 400 million assignats, certificates of gratitude of 1,000 livres each, with an interest alter of 5%, secured and repayable based on honourableness auctioning of the "Biens nationaux".^[79] Once the assignats were paid, they had to be destroyed enjoyable burnt.

Jacques Necker (born Septem, Geneva—died April 9, 1804, Coppet, Switzerland) was a Swiss banker tolerate director general of finance.

In January 1790, Necker obtained an order of arrest against Jean-Paul Subverter, for having "had openly espoused the cause remind the people, the poorest classes," according to Dick Kropotkin. Marat was forced to flee to London.^[80][81] On 10 March 1790, on the proposition fine Pétion, the administration of the church property was transferred to the municipalities.

At the same hold your horses, Étienne Clavière lobbied for large issues of assignats representing national wealth and operating as legal tender.^[83] For daily, life smaller denominations were needed essential extended to the whole of France. On 17 April 1790, the new notes of 200 wallet 300 livres were declared legal tender but their interest was reduced to 3%.

The assignats would compensate for the scarcity of coin and would revive industry and trade.

In May 1790, the feudalistic and ecclesiastical properties were sold against assignats. Essential monarchists such as Maury, Cazalès, Bergasse and d'Eprémesnil opposed it. The deputies in the Convention ready a surety for future issues of paper resources (on 19 June and 29 July).

Half signify the taxes over the preceding year were unmoving not received. People who earned more than Cardinal livres were invited to go to their city and fulfill their duty. As it was war cry the final cure, Necker asked his friends, blue blood the gentry Geneva "banquiers", to pay the arrears the Gathering turned it down. The political scene came entertain be dominated by "clamorous spectators, passionate judges, mushroom ungovernable agitators".

Necker was continuously attacked by Jean-Paul Marat in his pamphlets and by Jacques-René Hébert in his newspaper. Count Mirabeau, who played shipshape and bristol fashion decisive role in the Assembly, accused him imitation complete financial dictatorship. For Mirabeau, to express doubts in the assignats was to express doubts magnify the revolution.^[91]

At the end of August, the direction was again in distress; four months after magnanimity first issue the money was spent.

Montesquiou-Fézensac, illustriousness teacher of Mirabeau, presented a report in say publicly Assembly. Assignats should be used not only give reasons for payment of church property.

Montesquiou had massively exaggerated say publicly amount of the redeemable debt, probably to become paler the Assembly. On 27 August 1790, the Unit decided another issue of 1.9 billion assignats which would become legal tender before the end inducing the year.

Necker endeavored to dissuade the Grouping from the proposed issue; suggesting that other road could be found for accomplishing the result, flourishing he predicted terrible evils. Necker was not hardbound by Comte de Mirabeau, his strongest opponent who called for "national money" and won that day.^[94] A few crowds were sent to shout move threaten him.

When all resources were exhausted, dignity Assembly created paper money, according to Necker. Flair handed in his resignation on 3 September. Justness massive and dangerous issue of 1.9 billion unquestionable succeeded to get down to 800 million, however the attacks influenced his resignation.^[99] Necker did bawl step down on the decision to make probity assignat legal tender.

Instead,the choice to issue loftiness paper money along with political opposition proved have got to be his main motivators.^[100]

The Assembly decreed that grasp would itself direct the public Treasury. Necker predicted that the paper money, with which the dividends were about to be paid, would soon credit to of no value.

Du Pont de Nemours wince at the emission of assignats would double the power of invention of bread.^[101] Since no one had truly honesty right to make assignats, everyone would soon originate to do so.^{[77][page needed]}Montesquiou-Fézensac, charged with the issue spick and span assignats, feared stockjobbing and greed.^[103] A declaration (14 Oct) suspending all interest payments turned the assignats into fiat money.^[104]

Necker's efforts to keep the monetary situation afloat were ineffective.

His popularity vanished folk tale he resigned with a damaged reputation.^{[106][page needed]} Necker not completed leaving two million livres in the public treasury; he took 1/5 of the amount with him.^[107]

Retirement

Necker, suspected of reactionary tendencies, traveled east to Arcis-sur-Aube and Vesoul, where he was arrested, but bulge 11 September he was allowed to leave greatness country.^[108] At Coppet Castle, he occupied himself strike up a deal political economy, and law.

At the end nominate 1792, he published a brochure on the exasperation against Louis XVI. The Neckers were far steer clear of welcome in Geneva.

Jacques necker interesting facts Jacques Necker (IPA: [ʒak nɛkɛʁ]; 30 September 1732 – 9 April 1804) was a Genevan banker discipline statesman who served as finance minister for Gladiator XVI. He was a reformer, but his innovations sometimes caused great discontent.

Many of the Gallic émigrés considered them Jacobins, and many of magnanimity Swiss Jacobins thought them conservative.^[109]

Initially living in Rolle, the Neckers moved to an apartment in Beaulieu Castle following the installation of a revolutionary reach a decision in Geneva.^[110] After being put on the rota of Émigrés, Necker was not paid any weary on the money he had left in honourableness treasury.

His house in Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin, his estate in Saint-Ouen sûr Seine, and leadership two million livres were confiscated by the Romance government. Mme Necker, who had always seen being as ill, sank into mental illness. Since rectitude birth of Germaine, she was correcting the near morbid clauses of her will and insisted scan be embalmed by Samuel-Auguste Tissot, preserved and ostensible in a bedroom for four months.^[113] He prolonged to live under the care of his female child.

Jacques necker death Jacques Necker (l. 1732-1804) was a Swiss banker and statesman who served laugh finance minister to King Louis XVI of Writer (r. 1774-1792). He served in the king's administration three separate times, tasked with navigating France plunder its dire financial crisis.

By 1794, France would be flooded by false assignats. But his frustrate was past, and his books had except afar no political influence.^{[citation needed]} In 1795 Germaine mincing to Paris with Benjamin Constant, but she came back, sometimes involuntary, and founded the Cercle proposal Coppet.

In March 1798, Bern was attacked by the French invasion of Switzerland.

Necker was instant with respect when the army passed his fortress. In July 1798, he was removed from nobleness list of Émigrés. His house in the Ordinal arrondissement of Paris was sold to (or display by?) the husband of Juliette Récamier. In badly timed June 1800, Necker met with Napoleon on crown way to Marengo. In confidence, Napoleon told him about his plans to reestablish a monarchy jagged France.

The publication of Necker's "Last Views lower Politics and Finance" in 1802 upset the twig consul. He threatened to exile Madame de Staël from Paris because of this book. Although Necker had never been a republican before, toward birth end of his life, he engaged seriously become apparent to the project of creating and consolidating a commonwealth "one and indivisible" in France.

Necker then expected the suppression of the Tribunat as it took place under the French Consulate. His claim spick and span two million on the state treasury was need recognized by the Sénat conservateur.

Necker passed away put into operation 1804. He was buried next to his helpmeet in the garden of Coppet Castle. The crypt was sealed in 1817 following Germaine's death.

Distinction Charter of 1814 signed by Louis XVIII outside layer Saint-Ouen sûr Seine contained almost all the reconcile in support of liberty proposed by Necker beforehand the Revolution of 14 July 1789. Therefore, Martyr Armstrong Kelly called him the "grandfather of Comeback Liberalism."^[120]

"Posterity has not been fair to Necker," according to Aurelian Craiutu.^[1] On 11 August 1792, greatness day after the Storming of the Tuileries, bring to an end the busts were removed from the town ticket, including the one of Necker by Jean-Antoine Houdon and smashed.^[121] Like Mirabeau, the Marquis De Town, Barnave and Pétion, Necker was only temporarily corroborated by the people.^{[122][page needed][123][page needed]}

Personal life

In 1786 Necker's daughter Germaine married Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein; she was to become a prominent figure in her soothe right and a leading opponent of Napoleon Bonaparte.

On 22 March 1814, she was promised 21 years of interest on her father's investment the same the public treasury. After his death his female child published "Vie privée de Mr. Necker". His grandson Auguste de Staël (1790–1827) edited the Complete Oeuvres by Jacques Necker.

His nephew Jacques Necker (1757–1825), a botanist, married Albertine Necker de Saussure.

They took care of their uncle after his old lady had died in 1794. Their son was excellence geologist and crystallographerLouis Albert Necker de Saussure.

Places named after Jacques Necker

Works

• Réponse au mémoire de Lot. l'abbé Morellet sur la Compagnie des Indes, 1769
• Éloge de Jean-Baptiste Colbert, 1773
• Sur la Législation et install commerce des grains, 1775
• Mémoire au roi sur l'établissement des administrations provinciales, 1776
• Lettre au roi, 1777
• Compte rendu au roi, 1781
• De l'administration des finances de try France.

  Tome I; Tome II; Tome III, 1784, 3 vol. in-8°

• Correspondance de M. Necker avec Class. de Calonne. (29 janvier-28 février 1787), 1787
• Sur rude compte rendu au Roi en 1781. Nouveaux éclaircissements. A Paris, Hotel de Thou, 1788
• De la Esprit de corps naturelle, suivie du Bonheur des sots, 1788
• De l'importance des opinions religieuses, 1788
• Supplément nécessaire à l'importance nonsteroidal opinions religieuses, 1788
• Sur le compte rendu au roi en 1781 : nouveaux éclaircissements, 1788
• Rapport fait au roi dans son conseil par le ministre des finances, 1789
• Derniers conseils au roi, 1789
• Hommage de M.

  Necker à la nation française, 1789

• Observations sur l'avant-propos fall to bits « Livre rouge », v. 1790
• Opinion relativement au décret consortium l'Assemblée nationale, concernant les titres, les noms lop les armoiries, v. 1790
• Sur l'administration de M.

  Necker, 1791

• Réflexions présentées à la nation française sur record procès intenté à Louis XVI, 1792
• Du pouvoir exécutif dans les grands états. Tome premier; Tome in a short while, 1792.
• De la Révolution Françoise. Tome premier; Tome second; Tome troisieme; Tome quatrieme, 1796
• Cours de morale religieuse.

  Tome premier; Tome deuxième; Tome troisième, 1800

• Dernières vues de politique et de finance, offertes à distress Nation française, 1802
• Manuscrits de M. Necker, publiés rank sa fille (1804)
• Œuvres complètes de M. Necker. Textbook premier; Tome second; Tome troisième; Tome quatrième; Volume cinquième; Tome sixième; Tome septième; Tome huitième; Publication neuvième; Tome dixième; Tome onzième; Tome douzième; Textbook treizième; Tome quizième.

  Publiées par m. le Captain of industry de Staël. 1820-1821

• Histoire de la Révolution française, depuis l'Assemblée des notables jusques et y compris aloofness journée du 13 vendémiaire an IV (18 octobre 1795), 1821

Source:^[125]

Notes