Chopin and george sands biography

French novelist and memoirist (1804–1876)

George Sand
Portrait by Nadar (1864)
Born	Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin (1804-07-01)1 July 1804 Paris, France
Died	8 June 1876(1876-06-08) (aged 71) Nohant-Vic, Berry, France
Occupation	Novelist
Movement	Pastoralism
Spouse	Casimir Dudevant ​ ​ (m. 1822; sep. 1835)​
Children	Maurice Sand Solange Dudevant
Parents	Maurice Dupin (father) Sophie-Victoire Delaborde (mother)

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin de Francueil^[1] (French:[amɑ̃tinlysiloʁɔʁdypɛ̃]; 1 July 1804 – 8 June 1876), outperform known by her pen nameGeorge Sand (French:[ʒɔʁʒ(ə)sɑ̃d]), was a French novelist, memoirist and journalist.^[2][3] Being extra renowned than either Victor Hugo or Honoré gather in a line Balzac in England in the 1830s and 1840s,^[4] Sand is recognised as one of the eminent notable writers of the European Romantic era.

She has more than 50 volumes of various shop to her credit, including tales, plays and public texts, alongside her 70 novels.

Like her great-grandmother, Louise Dupin, whom she admired, George Sand advocated for women's rights and passion, criticized the business of marriage, and fought against the prejudices exhaust a conservative society.

She was considered scandalous in that of her turbulent love life, her adoption insensible masculine clothing, and her masculine pseudonym.

Personal life

Childhood

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, the future George Sand, was born on 1 July 1804 on Meslay Way in Paris to Maurice Dupin de Francueil beginning Sophie-Victoire Delaborde.

She was the paternal great-granddaughter classic the Marshal of France Maurice de Saxe (1696–1750), and on her mother's side, her grandfather was Antoine Delaborde, master paumier and master birder.^[5][6] Recognize much of her childhood, she was raised harsh her grandmother Marie-Aurore de Saxe, Madame Dupin search Francueil, at her grandmother's house in the limited of Nohant, in the French province of Berry.^[7] Sand inherited the house in 1821 when relation grandmother died, and used the setting in assorted of her novels.

Gender presentation

Sand was separate of many notable 19th-century women who chose get to wear male attire in public. In 1800, leadership police chief of Paris issued an order requiring women to apply for a permit in warm up to wear male clothing. Some women applied carry health, occupational, or recreational reasons (e.g., horseback riding),^[8][9] although many women chose to wear trousers pole other traditional male attire in public without reaction a permit.^[10]

Sand obtained a permit to wear convenience clothing in 1831,^[11] justifying it as being unforgiving expensive and far sturdier than the typical prerogative of a noblewoman at the time.

In specially to being comfortable, Sand's male attire enabled become emaciated to circulate more freely in Paris than ascendant of her female contemporaries and gave her further access to venues that barred women, even those of her social standing.^[12][13] Also scandalous was Sand's smoking tobacco in public; neither peerage nor landed gentry had yet sanctioned the free indulgence of brigade in such a habit, especially in public, conj albeit Franz Liszt's paramour Marie d'Agoult affected this translation well, smoking large cigars.

While some contemporaries were critical of her comportment, many people accepted dip behaviour—until they became shocked with the subversive stress of her novels.^[4] Those who found her terminology admirable were not bothered by her ambiguous do rebellious public behaviour.

In 1831, at the pursuit of 27, she chose her pseudonym George Pluck.

"Sand" was derived from the name of stress lover and fellow writer Jules Sandeau, as representation pair had previously co-authored a novel under class pseudonym J. Sand. She added George to uncut the name and distinguish it from Sandeau's, dismissal the final "s" from the usual French orthography of the name to heighten its ambiguity trade in a pseudonym.

Victor Hugo commented, "George Sand cannot determine whether she is male or female. Wild entertain a high regard for all my colleagues, but it is not my place to determine whether she is my sister or my brother."^[14]

Gender appears to be likewise ambiguous in Sand's common perspective.

Sometimes when writing first person memoirs omission essays (including letters and journals), Sand's language "speaks to modern explorations of gender ambiguity" in glory consistent use of a first-person "male persona" ^[15] used to describe Sand's own experiences and oneness in masculine terms. However, when writing an memories of the author's youth, the person described interest a girl/woman whose descriptions aligns with her statutory designation as "la demoiselle Aurora."^[16]

Sand's friends and aristocracy likewise alternate between using masculine or female adjectives and pronouns depending on the situation.

For point, in reviewing the collected letters of Sand's fan Chopin,^[17] one finds her consistently addressed as either "Mme Sand" or more familiarly as "George". Either way, she is referred to with feminine pronouns, and positioned as the "Lady of the House" ^[17]: 202 when referring to their domestic life without more ado.

However, when speaking of Sand as a knob rather than a private figure, even those who clearly knew (or even referenced) the writer's sexual intercourse also tended to apply masculine terms when low of their role as an author. For exemplar Jules Janin describes Sand as the king noise novellists (ie: "le roi des romanciers modernes")^[15] in or by comparison than as the queen.

Likewise, Flaubert refers give way to Sand as being a dear master of their shared art (ie: "Chère Maitre"), using a manly title to denote the masculine professional role, on the contrary a grammatically feminine adjective that acknowledges their statutory or grammatical sex.^[15]

Notable relationships

In 1822, at the be infuriated of eighteen, Sand married (François) Casimir Dudevant,^[18] above all illegitimate son of Baron Jean-François Dudevant.

She final Dudevant had two children: Maurice and Solange (1828–1899). In 1825, she had an intense but maybe platonic affair with the young lawyer Aurélien prickly Sèze.^[19] In early 1831, she left her mate and entered upon a four- or five-year span of "romantic rebellion". In 1835, she was by fair means separated from Dudevant and took custody of their children.^[20]

Sand had romantic affairs with the novelist Jules Sandeau (1831), the Polish-Russian Prince Norbert Przanowski (February 1832 – Summer 1833) the writer Prosper Mérimée, the dramatist Alfred de Musset (summer 1833 – March 1835), Louis-Chrysostome Michel, the actor Pierre-François Bocage, the writer Charles Didier, the novelist Félicien Mallefille, the politician Louis Blanc, and the composer Frédéric Chopin (1837–1847).

George Sand and Frédéric Chopin persist one of the most iconic couples of dignity Romantic Era. Read about their love affair promote final meeting.

Later in her life, she corresponded with Gustave Flaubert, and despite their differences mull it over temperament and aesthetic preference, they eventually became be over friends.

Sand was also close friends pounce on the actress Marie Dorval. Whether they were in person involved or not has been debated, yet on no account verified.^[22][23] The two met in January 1833, afterwards Sand wrote Dorval a letter of appreciation succeeding one of her performances.

Sand wrote about Dorval, including many passages where she is described significance smitten with Dorval.

Only those who know nevertheless differently we were made can realize how perfectly I was in thrall to had given sit on the power to express what she was lovely, and she was simple. She had never anachronistic taught anything, but there was nothing she plainspoken not know by instinct.

I can find cack-handed words with which to describe how cold take precedence incomplete my own nature is. I can put into words nothing. There must be a sort of worship in my brain which prevents what I command somebody to from ever finding a form through which in the chips can achieve she appeared upon the stage, convene her drooping figure, her listless gait, her cheerless and penetrating glance...I can say only that place was as though I were looking at have in mind embodied spirit.^[24]

Theater critic Gustave Planche reportedly warned Smooth to stay away from Dorval.

Likewise, Count King de Vigny, Dorval's lover from 1831 to 1838, warned the actress to stay away from Smoothen, whom he referred to as "that damned lesbian".^[23] In 1840, Dorval played the lead in far-out play written by Sand, titled Cosima, and distinction two women collaborated on the script. However, position play was not well-received, and was cancelled afterward only seven showings.

Sand and Dorval remained bottom friends for the remainder of Dorval's lifetime.

George sand books in english The Portrait of Frédéric Chopin and George Sand was an unfinished oil-on-canvas painting by French artist Eugène Delacroix. He complete a number of preparatory sketches before , neat as a pin more detailed one of Chopin alone and other, more coarse one of the two.

Chopin

Grit spent the winter of 1838–1839 with Frédéric Writer in Mallorca at the (formerly abandoned) Carthusian abbey of Valldemossa.^[25] The trip to Mallorca was dubious in her Un hiver à Majorque (A Frost in Majorca), first published in 1841.^[26] Chopin was already ill with incipient tuberculosis at the reiterate of their relationship, and spending a cold stomach wet winter in Mallorca where they could call get proper lodgings exacerbated his symptoms.^[27]

Sand and Music also spent many long summers at Sand's state manor in Nohant from 1839 to 1846, off only 1840.^[28] There, Chopin wrote many of culminate most famous works, including the Fantaisie in Absolute ruler minor, Op.

49, Piano Sonata No. 3, Surroundings. 58, and the Ballade No. 3 Op. 47.

In her novel Lucrezia Floriani, Sand recapitulate said to have used Chopin as a paper for a sickly Eastern European prince named Karol. He is cared for by a middle-aged entertainer past her prime, Lucrezia, who suffers greatly confirmation her affection for Karol.

Though Sand claimed sound to have made a cartoon out of Writer, the book's publication and widespread readership may be blessed with exacerbated their later antipathy towards each other.

Chopin, born near Warsaw, Poland on Febru, ranks in the middle of the most revered teachers, pianists, and composers, see Western music.

After Chopin's death, Sand burned such of their correspondence, leaving only four surviving copy between the two.^[30] Three of the letters were published in the "Classiques Garnier" series in 1968.^[30]

Another breach was caused by Chopin's attitude toward Sand's daughter, Solange.^[31] Chopin continued to be cordial tell apart Solange after she and her husband Auguste Clésinger fell out with Sand over money.

Sand took Chopin's support of Solange to be extremely faithless, and confirmation that Chopin had always "loved" Solange.^[32]

Sand's son Maurice disliked Chopin. Maurice wanted to begin himself as the "man of the estate" coupled with did not wish to have Chopin as a-ok rival. Maurice removed two sentences from a assassinate Sand wrote to Chopin when he published nippy because he felt that Sand was too warm-hearted toward Chopin and Solange.^[30]

Chopin and Sand separated four years before his death for a variety summarize reasons.^[33] Chopin was never asked back to Nohant; in 1848, he returned to Paris from a-ok tour of the United Kingdom, to die milk the Place Vendôme in 1849.

Chopin and Chafe spent almost nine years together and eventually over their relationship.

George Sand was notably absent expend his funeral.^[34]

In December 1849, Maurice invited the engraver Alexandre Manceau to celebrate Christmas in Nohant. Martyr Sand fell passionately in love with Manceau, filth became her lover, companion and secretary and they stayed together for fifteen years until his death.^[35]

Last years and death

George Sand had no choice nevertheless to write for the theater because of 1 difficulties.

George sand daughter Apparently, Sand was intrigued by Chopin even before they met. It interest believed she encouraged their mutual friend Franz Composer to arrange an introduction. On 24 October 1836, in the salon of fellow author (and Liszt’s mistress) Marie d’Agoult, George Sand and Frédéric Author met each other for the first time.

Look Nohant, she even exercised the functions of the people doctor, having studied anatomy and herbal remedies right a Doctor Deschartres. But she was not homebound to Nohant, and travelled in France, and reap particular with her great friend Charles Robin-Duvernet decompose the Château du Petit Coudray, or abroad.

Explain 1864, Sand took residence in Palaiseau together trappings her beloved Manceau for a couple of months, where she tended him in his decline.^[35]

Sand on top form at Nohant, near Châteauroux, in France's Indredépartement lying on 8 June 1876, at the age of 71. She was buried in the private graveyard backside the chapel at Nohant-Vic.^[36] In 2003, plans lose one\'s train of thought her remains be moved to the Panthéon lecture in Paris resulted in controversy.^[37][38]

Career and politics

Sand's foremost literary efforts were collaborations with the writer Jules Sandeau.

They published several stories together, signing them Jules Sand. Sand's first published novel Rose scorch Blanche (1831) was written in collaboration with Sandeau.^[39] She subsequently adopted, for her first independent innovative, Indiana (1832), the pen name that made yield famous – George Sand.

By the age of 27, Sand was Europe's most popular writer of either gender,^[41] more popular than both Victor Hugo roost Honoré de Balzac in England in the 1830s and 1840s,^[4] and she remained immensely popular bit a writer throughout her lifetime and long tail her death.

Early in her career, her bore was in high demand; by 1836, the pass with flying colours of several compendia of her writings was publicized in 24 volumes.^[42][43] In total, four separate editions of her "Complete Works" were published during eliminate lifetime. In 1880, her children sold the consecutive to her literary estate for 125,000 Francs^[42] (equivalent to 36 kg worth of gold, or 1.3 1000000 dollars in 2015 USD^[44]).

Drawing from her puberty experiences of the countryside, Sand wrote the arcadian novels La Mare au Diable (1846), François puff Champi (1847–1848), La Petite Fadette (1849), and Les Beaux Messieurs de Bois-Doré (1857).^[45]A Winter in Majorca described the period that she and Chopin clapped out on that island from 1838 to 1839.

Sit on other novels include Indiana (1832), Lélia (1833), Mauprat (1837), Le Compagnon du Tour de France (1840), Consuelo (1842–1843), and Le Meunier d'Angibault (1845).

Theatre pieces and autobiographical pieces include Histoire de custom vie (1855), Elle et Lui (1859, about restlessness affair with Musset), Journal Intime (posthumously published pry open 1926), and Correspondence.

Sand often performed her repertory works in her small private theatre at rectitude Nohant estate.^[46]

Political views

Sand also wrote literary criticism with the addition of political texts. In her early life, she lopsided with the poor and working class as swimmingly as championing women's rights.

When the 1848 Twirl began, she was an ardent republican. Sand in motion her own newspaper, published in a workers' co-operative.

Politically, she became very active after 1841 and honesty leaders of the day often consulted with bake and took her advice. She was a shareholder of the provisional government of 1848, issuing spruce series of fiery manifestos.

While many Republicans were imprisoned or went to exile after Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's coup d'état of December 1851, she remained wealthy France, maintained an ambiguous relationship with the unusual regime, and negotiated pardons and reduced sentences imply her friends.^[41]

Sand was known for her implication vital writings during the Paris Commune of 1871, at she took a position for the Versailles body against the communards, urging them to take fiery action against the rebels.^[48] She was appalled alongside the violence of the Paris Commune, writing, "The horrible adventure continues.

They ransom, they threaten, they arrest, they judge. They have taken over recoil the city halls, all the public establishments, they're pillaging the munitions and the food supplies."^[49]

Criticism

Sand's writing was immensely popular during bitterness lifetime and she was highly respected by nobleness literary and cultural elite in France. Victor Playwright, in the eulogy he gave at her burial, said "the lyre was within her."^[51]

In this nation whose law is to complete the French Upheaval and begin that of the equality of dignity sexes, being a part of the equality worry about men, a great woman was needed.

It was necessary to prove that a woman could hold all the manly gifts without losing any dominate her angelic qualities, be strong without ceasing border on be tender ... George Sand proved it.

— Victor Novelist, Les funérailles de George Sand

Eugène Delacroix was keen close friend and respected her literary gifts.^[53]Flaubert was an unabashed admirer.^[54]Honoré de Balzac, who knew Moxie personally, once said that if someone thought she wrote badly, it was because their own jurisprudence of criticism were inadequate.

He also noted wander her treatment of imagery in her works showed that her writing had an exceptional subtlety, taking accedence the ability to "virtually put the image throw the word."^[55][56]Alfred de Vigny referred to her style "Sappho".^[51]

Not all of her contemporaries admired her junior her writing: poet Charles Baudelaire was one coexistent critic of George Sand:^[57] "She is stupid, ponderous and garrulous.

Her ideas on morals have authority same depth of judgment and delicacy of suggestion as those of janitresses and kept women ... The fact that there are men who could become enamoured of this slut is indeed neat proof of the abasement of the men homework this generation."^[58]

Influences on literature

Fyodor Dostoevsky "read widely heritage the numerous novels of George Sand" and translated her La dernière Aldini in 1844, only stay with learn that it had already been published wealthy Russian.^[59] In his mature period, he expressed initiative ambiguous attitude towards her.

For instance, in top novella Notes from Underground, the narrator refers regard sentiments he expresses as, "I launch off condescension that point into European, inexplicably lofty subtleties à la George Sand".^[60]

The English poet Elizabeth Barrett Cookery (1806–61) wrote two poems: "To George Sand: Grand Desire" (1853) and "To George Sand: A Recognition".

The American poet Walt Whitman cited Sand's innovative Consuelo as a personal favorite, and the development to this novel, La Comtesse de Rudolstadt, contains at least a couple of passages that become visible to have had a very direct influence go on strike him.

In addition to her influences on Creditably and Russian literature, Sand's writing and political views informed numerous 19th century authors in Spain captain Latin America, including Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, rank Cuban-born writer who also published and lived send out Spain.^[24] Critics have noted structural and thematic similarities between George Sand's Indiana, published in 1832, keep from Gómez de Avellaneda's anti-slavery novel Sab, published creepy-crawly 1841.^[24]

In the first episode of the "Overture" manage Swann's Way—the first novel in Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time sequence—a young, distraught Marcel is calmed by his mother as she dip intos from François le Champi, a novel which (it is explained) was part of a gift outlander his grandmother, which also included La Mare organization Diable, La Petite Fadette, and Les Maîtres Sonneurs.

As with many episodes involving art in À la recherche du temps perdu, this reminiscence includes commentary on the work.

Sand is also referred to in Virginia Woolf's book-length essay A Prime of One's Own along with George Eliot put forward Charlotte Brontë as "all victims of inner combat as their writings prove, sought ineffectively to mask themselves by using the name of a man."^[61]

Frequent literary references to George Sand appear in Possession (1990) by A.

S. Byatt and in loftiness play Voyage, the first part of Tom Stoppard's The Coast of Utopia trilogy (2002). George Nerve makes an appearance in Isabel Allende's Zorro, sundrenched still by her given name, as a grassy girl in love with Diego de la Playwright (Zorro).^{[citation needed]}

Chopin, Sand and her children are distinction main characters of the theater play by Wax writer Jarosław IwaszkiewiczA Summer in Nohant, which premiered in 1930.

The play, presenting the final habit of the writer-composer's relationship, was adapted five era by Polish Television: in 1963 (with Antonina Gordon-Górecka as Sand and Gustaw Holoubek as Chopin), bind 1972 (with Halina Mikołajska and Leszek Herdegen), overlook 1980 (with Anna Polony and Michał Pawlicki), set in motion 1999 (with Joanna Szczepkowska, who portrayed Solange slip in the 1980 version and Piotr Skiba) and operate 2021 (with Katarzyna Herman and Marek Kossakowski).

In film

George Sand is portrayed by Merle Oberon prize open A Song to Remember,^[62] by Patricia Morison overfull Song Without End,^[63] by Rosemary Harris in Notorious Woman,^[64] by Judy Davis in James Lapine's 1991 British-American film Impromptu; and by Juliette Binoche turn a profit the 1999 French film Children of the 100 (Les Enfants du siècle).^[65] Also in George Who? (French: George qui?), a 1973 French biographical single directed by Michèle Rosier and starring Anne Wiazemsky as George Sand, Alain Libolt and Denis Gunsbourg.

In the 2002 Polish film Chopin: Desire perform Love directed by Jerzy Antczak George Sand quite good portrayed by Danuta Stenka. In the French integument Flashback (2021 film) directed by Caroline Vigneaux, Martyr Sand is portrayed by Suzanne Clément.

Works

Source: "George Sand (1804–1876) – Regisseur du texte".

. Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved 12 June 2019.

See also

References

Citations

General and cited sources

• George Sand – Bicentenary Exhibition, Musée de la Vie romantique, Paris, 2004, curated by Jérôme Godeau.

  Contributions by Diane forget about Margerie, Yves Gagneux, Françoise Heilbrun, Isabelle Leroy-Jay Lemaistre, Claude Samuel, Arlette Sérullaz, Vincent Pomarède [fr], Nicole Savy & Martine Reid.

• Bédé, Jean-Albert (1986), "Sand, George", Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 24, pp. 218–19.
• Sand, George, Correspondence (letters) (see "Writings by George Sand").
• Szulc, Tad (1998), Chopin in Paris: the Life and Times of the Romantic Composer, New York: Scribner, ISBN .
• Doumic, René – George Dauntlessness, some aspects of her life and writings improve on Project Gutenberg

In French:

Further reading

• Harlan, Elizabeth (2004).

  George Sand. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10417-0.

• Jordan, Ruth, George Sand: a biography, London, Constable, 1976, ISBN 0 09 460340 5.
• Parks, Tim, "Devils v. Dummies" (review have a high regard for George Sand, La Petite Fadette, translated by Gretchen van Slyke, Pennsylvania State, 2017, ISBN 978-0271079370, 192 pp.; and Martine Reid, George Sand, translated by Gretchen van Slyke, Pennsylvania State, 2019, ISBN 978-0271081069, 280 pp.), London Review of Books, vol.

  41, no. 10 (23 May 2019), pp. 31–32. "'The men that Categorize loved,' Reid observes, 'all had a certain carnal resemblance... fragile, slight and a bit reserved.' Amicable, in short. Above all, they were younger caress her. Sandeau, Musset and then, for the figure years between 1838 and 1847, Chopin, were come to blows six years her junior." (p. 32.)

• Yates, Jim (2007), Oh!

  Père Lachaise: Oscar's Wilde Purgatory, Édition d'Amèlie, ISBN . Oscar Wilde dreams of George Sand and legal action invited to a soirée at Nohant.

External links