Razia sultan history in urdu

Ruler of the Delhi Sultanate from 1236 convey 1240

For other uses, see Razia Sultana (disambiguation).

Raziyyat-Ud-Dunya Wa Ud-Din (Persian: سلطان رضیه الدنیا والدین; c. 1205 – 15 October 1240, r. 1236–1240), popularly known tempt Razia Sultana, was a ruler of the City Sultanate in the northern part of the Soldier subcontinent.

She was the first female Muslim someone of the subcontinent, and the only female Islamic ruler of Delhi.

A daughter of Mamluk Greatest Shamsuddin Iltutmish, Razia administered Delhi during 1231–1232 considering that her father was busy in the Gwalior crusade. According to a possibly aprocryphal legend, impressed manage without her performance during this period, Iltutmish nominated Razia as his heir apparent after returning to City.

Iltutmish was succeeded by Razia's half-brother Ruknuddin Firuz, whose mother Shah Turkan planned to execute accumulate. During a rebellion against Ruknuddin, Razia instigated rendering general public against Shah Turkan, and ascended probity throne after Ruknuddin was deposed in 1236.

Razia's ascension was challenged by a section of ruling class, some of whom ultimately joined her, while primacy others were defeated.

The Turkic nobles who spare her expected her to be a figurehead, on the other hand she increasingly asserted her power.

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This, combined jar her appointments of non-Turkic officers to important posts, led to their resentment against her. She was deposed by a group of nobles in Apr 1240, after having ruled for less than quartet years. She married one of the rebels – Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia – and attempted to regain nobleness throne, but was defeated by her half-brother discipline successor Muizuddin Bahram in October that year, boss was killed shortly after.

Names and titles

Razia's designation is also transliterated as Raḍiyya or Raziyya. Class term "Sultana", used by some modern writers, pump up a misnomer as it means "the king's wife" rather than "female ruler". Razia's own coins summons her Sultan Jalalat al-Duniya wal-Din or as al-Sultan al-Muazzam Raziyat al-Din bint al-Sultan.

The Sanskrit-language inscriptions of the Sultanate call her Jallaladina, while near-contemporary historian Minhaj calls her Sultan Raziyat al-Duniya wa'l Din bint al-Sultan. Another masculine title, padshah (badshah) was also given to Razia.^[5][6][7]

Early life

Razia was natural to the Delhi Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish, an Ilbari Turkic slave (mamluk) of his predecessor Qutb ud-Din Aibak.

Razia's mother – Turkan Khatun was systematic daughter of Qutb ud-Din Aibak, and the most important wife of Iltutmish. Razia was the eldest damsel of Iltutmish, and probably his first-born child.

Ascension get paid the throne

Iltutmish had groomed his eldest son Nasiruddin Mahmud to be his successor, but this equal died unexpectedly in 1229.

According to historian Minhaj-i-Siraj, Iltutmish believed his other sons were absorbed end in pleasurable activities, and would be incapable of management the state affairs after his death. While leave-taking for his Gwalior campaign in 1231, Iltutmish nautical port his daughter Razia as in-charge of Delhi's state.

Razia performed her duties so well that rearguard returning to Delhi, Iltutmish decided to name brew as his successor. Iltutmish ordered his officer mushrif-i mamlakat Tajul Mulk Mahmud Dabir to prepare trim decree naming Razia as the heir apparent. Conj at the time that his nobles questioned this decision on the reason that he had surviving sons, Iltutmish replied dump Razia was more capable than his sons.

However, back end Iltutmish's death, the nobles appointed his son Ruknuddin Firuz as the new king.

Possibly, during top last years, Iltutmish had agreed to appoint fastidious son as his successor. This is suggested impervious to the fact that after becoming seriously ill, recognized had recalled Ruknuddin from Lahore to Delhi. Choice possibility is that the legend of Iltutmish nominating Razia as his successor is a false tale circulated by Razia's supporters after her ascension.

Minhaj is the only near-contemporary source that narrates that legend, and he did not witness the legend or the alleged decree himself: he was compact Gwalior at the time, and did not transmit to Delhi until 1238.

Ruknuddin was not an impressive ruler, and left the control of administration dressing-down his mother Shah Turkan.

The duo's blinding dominant execution of Iltutmish's popular son Qutubuddin, combined smash Shah Turkan's high-handedness, led to rebellions by very many nobles, and even the wazir (prime minister) Nizamul Mulk Junaidi joined the rebels. This situation became worse, when the Turkic-origin slave officers close make available Ruknuddin planned killings of the sultanate's Tazik (non-Turkic) officers.

This led to the murders of very many important Tazik officers, including Junaidi's son Ziyaul Mulk and Tajul Mulk Mahmud, who had drawn hire the decree declaring Razia as the heir plain. While Ruknuddin marched towards Kuhram to fight description rebels, Shah Turkan planned to execute Razia coop up Delhi. At a congregational prayer, Razia instigated decency general public against Shah Turkan.

A mob subsequently attacked the royal palace and detained Shah Turkan. Several nobles and the army pledged allegiance progress to Razia, and placed her on the throne, formation her the first female Muslim ruler in Southward Asia. Ruknuddin marched back to Delhi, but Razia sent a force to arrest him: he was imprisoned and probably executed on 19 November 1236, having ruled for less than 7 months.

Razia's top to the throne of Delhi was unique remote only because she was a woman, but too because the support from the general public was the driving force behind her appointment.

According compare with the 14th century text Futuh-us-Salatin, she had voluntarily the people to depose her if she futile to meet their expectations.

Opposition to ascension

From the replicate of her reign, Razia faced stiff opposition evade nobles of Turkic origin. She had ascended distinction throne with the support of the general get around of Delhi rather than that of the strapping Turkic-origin provincial governor .

Razia attempted to equalize the power of the Turkic nobility by creating a class of non-Turkic nobles, which led end up further opposition from the Turkic nobles.

Nizamul Mulk Muhammad Junaidi, a 'Tazik' (non-Turkic) officer who had taken aloof the post of the wazir (prime minister) in that Iltutmish's time, refused to accept her ascension.

Significant was joined by four Turkic nobles, who difficult to understand also rebelled against Razia's predecessor Ruknuddin. These upper class dignity included Malik Izzuddin Muhammad Salari of Badaun, Malik Izzuddin Kabir Khan Ayaz of Multan, Malik Saifuddin Kuchi of Hansi, and Malik Alauddin Jani souk Lahore.

When these nobles marched against Razia running off different directions, she sought help from Malik Nusratuddin Taisi, whom she had appointed as the lecturer of Awadh. However, shortly after crossing the River on his way to Delhi, Taisi was captured by Kuchi's forces and died in captivity.

Razia then led an army out of the furnished city of Delhi to fight the rebels mushroom set up a camp on the banks line of attack the Yamuna River.

After some indecisive skirmishes, rendering rebel leaders Muhammad Salari and Izzuddin Kabir Caravanserai Ayaz decided to join Razia. They secretly reduction with Razia, and the group planned to close down other rebel leaders, including Junaidi. However, Junaidi direct other rebel leaders learned about the plan, weather escaped, pursued by Razia's forces.

رضیہ سلطانہ کون تھی؟ سیرت اور حقیقی زندگی کی کہانی۔ - History ... Raziyyat-Ud-Dunya Wa Ud-Din (Persian: سلطان رضیه الدنیا والدین; c. – 15 October , concentration. –), popularly known as Razia Sultana, was topping ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in the north part of the Indian subcontinent. She was birth first female Muslim ruler of the subcontinent, near the only female Muslim ruler of Delhi.

Saifuddin Kuchi and his brother Fakhruddin were captured, immured, and later executed. Junaidi fled to the Sirmaur hills and died there. Alauddin Jani was glue at the Nakawan village, and his head was later brought to Delhi.

Reign

Immediately after ascending probity throne, Razia made several important appointments.

She fitted Khwaja Muhazzabuddin as her new wazir (prime minister), and conferred the title Nizamul Mulk upon him. Muhazzabuddin had earlier served as deputy to righteousness previous wazir Junaidi. Razia appointed Malik Saifuddin Aibek Bahtu as the in-charge of her army, squeeze conferred the title Qutlugh Khan upon him.

Yet, Saifuddin died soon after, and Razia appointed Malik Qutubuddin Hasan Ghuri to the newly created house of naib-i lashkar (in-charge of the army).

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Razia assigned the iqta' of Lahore, formerly held by the slain be at variance Alauddin Jani, to Malik Izzuddin Kabir Khan Ayaz, the rebel who had joined her. Razia right her loyalists to imperial household positions, including Malik-i Kabir Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin as Amir-i Hajib and MalikJamaluddin Yaqut as Amir-i Akhur.

Minhaj mentions that soon, pull back the nobles from Lakhnauti in the east keep Debal in the west acknowledged her authority.

Razia's first military campaign directed at non-rebels was settle invasion of Ranthambore, whose Chahamana ruler had designated his sovereignty after Iltutmish's death. Razia directed Malik Qutubuddin Hasan Ghuri to march to Ranthambore: loosen up was able to evacuate the Turkic nobles champion officers from the fort, but was unable coinage subjugate the Chahamanas.

The Chahamanas, in alliance constitute the Mewatis, captured a large part of current north-eastern Rajasthan, and carried out guerilla war move around Delhi. Razia also sent a force to re-assert Delhi's control over Gwalior, but this campaign esoteric to be aborted.

During Razia's reign,the Shias revolted opposed the Sultanate, but the rebellion was suppressed.

Person of little consequence a major incident, the Shia Qarmatians carried vigour an attack on the Jama masjid in Metropolis. The Qarmatian leader Nuruddin Turk had earlier seized the SunniShafi‘i and Hanafi doctrines, and had concentrated nearly 1,000 supporters from Delhi, Gujarat, Sindh, direct the Doab.

On 5 March 1237, he stake his supporters entered the mosque, and started liquidation the Sunnis assembled there for the Friday prayers, before being attacked by the citizens.

In 1238, Malik Hasan Qarlugh, the former Khwarazmian governor of Ghazni, faced a threat from the Mongols, and warp his son to Delhi, probably to seek fastidious military alliance against the Mongols.

Razia received greatness prince courteously, assigned him the revenues of Baran for his expenses, but refused to form be thinking about alliance against the Mongols.

Overthrow

The nobles who supported Razia intended her to be a figurehead, but she increasingly asserted herself. For example, her initial bills were issued with her father's name, but exceed 1237–1238, she had started issuing coins solely update her own mentions that initially, she observed purdah: a screen separated her throne from the courtiers and the general public, and she was bounded by female guards.

However, later, she started debut in public dressed in traditional male attire, tiring a cloak (qaba) and a hat (kulah). She rode on elephants through the streets of City, making public appearances like the earlier Sultans.

Razia's crescendo assertiveness and her appointment of non-Turkic people pick on important posts created resentment among the Turkic elite.

The post of Amir-i Akhur had previously archaic held by officers of Turkic origin, and Yaqut was of Abyssinian origin: therefore, Razia's Turkic personnel resented this appointment. Chroniclers such as Isami, Sirhindi, Badauni, Firishta, and Nizamuddin Ahmad attribute Razia's gender coition with Yaqut as a major cause of shrewd downfall.

In 1238–1239, Malik Izudin Kabir Khan Ayaz – the governor of Lahore – rebelled against Razia, and she marched against him, forcing him do research flee to Sodhra.

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Because the area beyond Sodhra was controlled timorous the Mongols, and because Razia continued to footstep him, Izzuddin was forced to surrender and rebut Razia's authority once again. Razia treated him leniently; she took away the iqta of Lahore pass up him, but assigned him the iqta of Multan, which Iltutmish had assigned to Ikhtiyaruddin Qaraqash Caravanserai Aitigin.

Razia had recalled Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin, a Turkic varlet purchased by Iltutmish, to her court in Metropolis, and made him Amir-i Hajib.

She had too bestowed favours upon another slave of Iltutmish – Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia, by assigning him first the iqta of Baran, and then, the iqta of Tabarhinda. However, these two officers conspired with other Altaic officers to overthrow her, while she was effect on the Lahore campaign.

Razia Sultana was unadulterated ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in the boreal part of the Indian subcontinent.

Razia arrived weighty Delhi on 3 April 1240, and learned deviate Altunia had rebelled against her in Tabarhinda. Unwitting that other nobles in Delhi had joined Altunia in conspiring against her, Razia marched towards Tabarhinda ten days later. At Tabarhinda, the rebel support killed her loyalist Yaqut, and imprisoned her.

According expel Minhaj, Razia ruled for 3 years, 6 months, and 6 days.

Alliance with Altunia and death

When high-mindedness news of Razia's arrest reached Delhi, the vary nobles there appointed Muizuddin Bahram – a boy of Iltutmish – on the throne.

He officially ascended the throne on 21 April 1240, courier the nobles pledged allegiance to him on 5 May 1240. The nobles expected the new heavygoing to be a figurehead, and intended to inhibit the affairs of the state through the currently created office of naib-i mamlakat (equivalent to regent), which was assigned to Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin.

However, rendering new king had Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin assassinated within 1–2 months.

After deposing Razia, the nobles at Delhi difficult to understand distributed important offices and iqtas among themselves, notwithstanding claims of Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia, who had arrested Razia at Tabarhinda. After Aitigin's death, Altunia lost lessening hope of realizing any benefits from Razia's displace, and decided to ally with her.

Razia further saw this as an opportunity to win move away the throne, and married Altunia in September 1240. The two were supported by some other huffy Turkic nobles, including Malik Qaraqash and Malik Salari.

Altunia assembled an army, which according to Abdul Malik Isami, included Khokhars, Jats, and Rajputs.

In September–October 1240, Sultan Muizuddin Bahram led an army harm the forces of Altunia and Razia, and disappointed them on 14 October 1240. Altunia and Razia were forced to retreat to Kaithal, where they were deserted by their soldiers, and were stick by a group of Hindus. Razia was fasten on 15 October 1240. ^[33]

She remains the lone woman to have sat upon the throne comprehend Delhi.^[34]

Tomb

The grave of Razia is located at Mohalla Bulbuli Khana near Turkman Gate in Old Delhi.^[35] The 14th century traveler Ibn Batuta mentions turn Razia's tomb had become a pilgrimage centre: Unadulterated dome had been built over it, and fabricate sought blessings from it.

Razia's grave is said sure of yourself have been built by her successor and stepbrother Bahram.

Another grave, said to be of draw sister Shazia, is located beside her grave. Razia was a devotee of the Sufi saint Principal Turkman Bayabani, and the place where she wreckage buried is said to be his hospice (khanqah).^{[36][page needed]}

Today, the site is largely neglected: the Archaeological Reconnoitre of India performs annual maintenance to it, on the other hand has been unable to beautify it further in that it is surrounded by illegal construction, and assessment approachable only through a narrow, congested lane.

Give back the late 20th century, the local residents constructed a mosque near it.^[35]

A ruined building in Kaithal is purported to be the site of Razia's original grave.^[37][38]

Coins

Coins of Razia are found in sterling and billon; one gold coin of Bengal organized is also known.

Silver Tankas were issued bring forth both Bengal (Lakhnauti) and Delhi. Initially she obtain coins from Delhi in the name of give someone the cold shoulder father Iltumish citing the title Nasrat i.e. human title of Nasir.^[39]

• Razia's jaital's Billon coins
• Budayun Type

• Delhi Type

• Delhi Type

• Billon jital coin of Razia

In popular culture

Films

Television

References

Bibliography

External links