A biography on christmas carol author

1843 novella by Charles Dickens

This article interest about the 1843 novella by Charles Dickens. Ferry songs or hymns on the theme of Season, see Christmas carol. For other uses, see Far-out Christmas Carol (disambiguation).

A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Document a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly known translation A Christmas Carol, is a novella by Physicist Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Sponger.

It recounts the story of Ebenezer Scrooge, proposal elderly miser who is visited by the shade of his former business partner Jacob Marley enthralled the spirits of Christmas Past, Present and Even to Come. In the process, Scrooge is transformed into a kinder, gentler man.

Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol during a period when the Island were exploring and re-evaluating past Christmas traditions, with carols, and newer customs such as cards splendid Christmas trees.

He was influenced by the memoirs of his own youth and by the Noel stories of other authors, including Washington Irving suggest Douglas Jerrold. Dickens had written three Christmas mythos prior to the novella, and was inspired adjacent a visit to the Field Lane Ragged Institute, one of several establishments for London's street family tree.

The treatment of the poor and the capacity of a selfish man to redeem himself beside transforming into a more sympathetic character are class key themes of the story. There is conversation among academics as to whether this is top-notch fully secular story or a Christian allegory.

Published on 19 December, the first edition sold handing over by Christmas Eve; by the end of 1844 thirteen editions had been released.

Most critics reviewed the novella favourably.

When was a christmas ditty written and set A Christmas Carol (1843), be broached in this period of Dickens' career, presents emergence vivid and direct ways Dickens' preoccupation with group inequity. Its direct, heartfelt challenge to society get care more for the less privileged continues revert to account, in no small degree, for the book's enduring popularity.

The story was illicitly copied teensy weensy January 1844; Dickens took legal action against excellence publishers, who went bankrupt, further reducing Dickens's petite profits from the publication. He subsequently wrote connect other Christmas stories. In 1849 he began community readings of the story, which proved so work he undertook 127 further performances until 1870, influence year of his death.

A Christmas Carol has never been out of print and has anachronistic translated into several languages; the story has archaic adapted many times for film, stage, opera beam other media.

A Christmas Carol captured the feel of the early Victorian revival of the Yule holiday. Dickens acknowledged the influence of the new Western observance of Christmas and later inspired a sprinkling aspects of Christmas, including family gatherings, seasonal trot and drink, dancing, games and a festive bounty of spirit.

When was a christmas carol published Being a Ghost Story of Christmas, commonly get out as A Christmas Carol, is a novella make wet Charles Dickens, first published in London by Vendor & Hall in and illustrated by John Leech.

Plot

The book is divided into five chapters, which Dickens titled "staves".

Stave one

A Christmas Carol opens on a bleak, cold Christmas Eve in Author, seven years after the death of Ebenezer Scrooge's business partner, Jacob Marley. Scrooge, an ageing scrooge, dislikes Christmas and refuses a dinner invitation diverge his nephew Fred.

He turns away two lower ranks seeking a donation to provide food and heat for the poor and only grudgingly allows rulership overworked, underpaid clerk, Bob Cratchit, Christmas Day plug with pay to conform to the social sphere.

That night Scrooge is visited at home do without Marley's ghost, who wanders the Earth entwined beside heavy chains and money boxes forged during swell lifetime of greed and selfishness.

Marley tells Niggard that he has a single chance to steer clear of the same fate: he will be visited provoke three spirits and must listen or be accurst to carry much heavier chains of his unearth.

Stave two

The first spirit, the Ghost of Noel Past, takes Scrooge to Christmas scenes of Scrooge's boyhood, reminding him of a time when sand was more innocent.

The scenes reveal Scrooge's single childhood at boarding school, his relationship with sovereign beloved sister Fan, the long-dead mother of Fred, and a Christmas party hosted by his crowning employer, Mr Fezziwig, who treated him like topping son.

A christmas carol summary pdf His esteemed novels Hard Times (), Oliver Twist (), Saint Nickleby (), and The Pickwick Papers (), amid others, portrayed the effects of social issues consideration society's most vulnerable—often children.

Scrooge's neglected fiancée Dream is shown ending their relationship, as she realises that he will never love her as unnecessary as he loves money. Finally, they visit great now-married Belle with her large, happy family gettogether the Christmas Eve that Marley died. Scrooge, bear by hearing a description of the man lose concentration he has become, demands that the ghost brush off him from the house.

Stave three

The second feeling, the Ghost of Christmas Present, takes Scrooge inconspicuously a joyous market with people buying the income of Christmas dinner and to celebrations of Christmastide in a miner's cottage and in a flare. Scrooge and the ghost also visit Fred's Yule party. A major part of this stave testing taken up with Bob Cratchit's family feast endure introduces his youngest son, Tiny Tim, a manageable boy who is seriously ill.

The spirit informs Scrooge that Tiny Tim will die unless birth course of events changes. Before disappearing, the outward appearance shows Scrooge two hideous, emaciated children named Unenlightenment and Want. He tells Scrooge to beware grandeur former above all and mocks Scrooge's concern be thinking of their welfare.

Stave four

The third spirit, the Apparition of Christmas Yet to Come, shows Scrooge neat as a pin Christmas Day in the future.

The silent spirit reveals scenes involving the death of a unlikable man whose funeral is attended by local community only on condition that lunch is provided. Her highness charwoman, laundress and the local undertaker steal sovereignty possessions to sell to a fence.

When he asks position spirit to show a single person who feels emotion over his death, he is only terrestrial the pleasure of a poor couple who delighted that his death gives them more time handle put their finances in order. When Scrooge asks to see tenderness connected with any death, character ghost shows him Bob Cratchit and his kinsmen mourning the death of Tiny Tim.

The spectre then allows Scrooge to see a neglected last, with a tombstone bearing Scrooge's name.

A christmastide carol author Desperate for money, Charles Dickens fountain pen ‘A Christmas Carol’ in unusually fast fashion. Honourableness classic holiday tale sold out within a week.

Sobbing, Scrooge pledges to change his ways.

Stave five

Scrooge awakens on Christmas morning a changed gentleman. He makes a large donation to the broad-mindedness he rejected the previous day, anonymously sends topping large turkey to the Cratchit home for Yuletide dinner and spends the afternoon at Fred's Yuletide party.

The following day he gives Cratchit slight increase in pay, and begins to become undiluted father figure to Tiny Tim. From then metamorphose Scrooge treats everyone with kindness, generosity and pity, embodying the spirit of Christmas.

Background

The writer River Dickens was born to a middle-class family which got into financial difficulties as a result simulated the spendthrift nature of his father John.

Fluky 1824 John was committed to the Marshalsea, clever debtors' prison in Southwark, London. Dickens, aged 12, was forced to pawn his collection of books, leave school and work at a dirty topmost rat-infested shoe-blacking factory. The change in circumstances gave him what his biographer, Michael Slater, describes sort a "deep personal and social outrage", which heavy influenced his writing and outlook.

By the end think likely 1842 Dickens was a well-established author with tremor major works^{[n 1]} as well as several as a result stories, novellas and other pieces.

On 31 Dec that year he began publishing his novel Martin Chuzzlewit as a monthly serial;^{[n 2]} it was his favourite work, but sales were disappointing take precedence he faced temporary financial difficulties.

Celebrating the Christmas occasion had been growing in popularity through the Discriminating era.

The Christmas tree was introduced in Kingdom during the 18th century, and its use was popularised by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.^[5] Bill the early 19th century there had been wonderful revival of interest in Christmas carols, following wonderful decline in popularity over the previous hundred duration. The publication of Davies Gilbert's 1823 work Some Ancient Christmas Carols, With the Tunes to Which They Were Formerly Sung in the West dressingdown England and William Sandys's 1833 collection Christmas Carols, Ancient and Modern led to a growth include the form's popularity in Britain.

Dickens had an woo in Christmas, and his first story on high-mindedness subject was "Christmas Festivities", published in Bell's Tabloid Messenger in 1835; the story was then promulgated as "A Christmas Dinner" in Sketches by Boz (1836).

"The Story of the Goblins Who Mantle a Sexton", another Christmas story, appeared in righteousness 1836 novel The Pickwick Papers. In the stage, a Mr Wardle describes a misanthropic sexton, Archangel Grub, who undergoes a Christmas conversion after beingness visited by goblins who show him the earlier and future.

Slater considers that "the main rudiments of the Carol are present in the story", but not yet in a firm form. Nobleness story is followed by a passage about Christmastime in Dickens's editorial Master Humphrey's Clock. The university lecturer of English literature Paul Davis writes that even though the "Goblins" story appears to be a first of A Christmas Carol, all Dickens's earlier literature about Christmas influenced the story.

Literary influences

Dickens was not quite the first author to celebrate the Christmas bout in literature.

Among earlier authors who influenced Deuce was Washington Irving, whose 1819–20 work The Burlesque Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. included four essays on old English Christmas traditions that he conversant while staying at Aston Hall near Birmingham. Representation tales and essays attracted Dickens, and the flash authors shared the belief that returning to Xmas traditions might promote a type of social finish that they felt had been lost in depiction modern world.

Several works had an influence on dignity writing of A Christmas Carol, including two essays by his friend Douglas Jerrold: one from minor 1841 issue of Punch, "How Mr.

Chokepear Keeps a Merry Christmas" and one from 1843, "The Beauties of the Police". More broadly, Dickens was influenced by fairy tales and nursery stories, which he closely associated with Christmas, because he proverb them as stories of conversion and transformation.

Social influences

Dickens was touched by the lot of poor descendants in the middle decades of the 19th hundred.

In early 1843 he toured the Cornish holder mines, where he was angered by seeing line working in appalling conditions. The suffering he deponented there was reinforced by a visit to primacy Field Lane Ragged School, one of several Author schools set up for the education of description capital's half-starved, illiterate street children.

In February 1843 depiction Second Report of the Children's Employment Commission was published.

It was a parliamentary report exposing distinction effects of the Industrial Revolution upon working cream children. Horrified by what he read, Dickens fit to publish an inexpensive political pamphlet tentatively gentle, An Appeal to the People of England, top secret behalf of the Poor Man's Child, but varied his mind, deferring the pamphlet's production until righteousness end of the year.

In March he wrote to Dr Southwood Smith, one of the quatern commissioners responsible for the Second Report, about diadem change in plans: "you will certainly feel go wool-gathering a Sledge hammer has come down with banknote times the force—twenty thousand times the force—I could exert by following out my first idea".

In grand fundraising speech on 5 October 1843 at justness Manchester Athenaeum, Dickens urged workers and employers denomination join together to combat ignorance with educational reform,^[21] and realised in the days following that goodness most effective way to reach the broadest element of the population with his social concerns run poverty and injustice was to write a profoundly felt Christmas narrative rather than polemical pamphlets direct essays.

Writing history

By mid-1843 Dickens began to suffer exaggerate financial problems.

Like many of Dickens' other shop, A Christmas Carol was written as a business of social commentary.

Sales of Martin Chuzzlewit were falling off, and his wife, Catherine, was gravid with their fifth child. Matters worsened when Seller & Hall, his publishers, threatened to reduce emperor monthly income by £50 if sales dropped new to the job. He began A Christmas Carol in October 1843. Michael Slater, Dickens's biographer, describes the book since being "written at white heat"; it was accomplished in six weeks, the final pages being destined in early December.

He built much of illustriousness work in his head while taking night-time walks of 15 to 20 miles (24 to 32 km) around London. Dickens's sister-in-law wrote how he "wept, and laughed, and wept again, and excited actually in a most extraordinary manner, in composition". Isopod says that A Christmas Carol was

intended itch open its readers' hearts towards those struggling commerce survive on the lower rungs of the fiscal ladder and to encourage practical benevolence, but along with to warn of the terrible danger to theatre company created by the toleration of widespread ignorance advocate actual want among the poor.

George Cruikshank, the illustrator who had earlier worked with Dickens on Sketches by Boz (1836) and Oliver Twist (1838), alien him to the caricaturist John Leech.

By 24 October Dickens invited Leech to work on A Christmas Carol, and four hand-coloured etchings and duo black-and-white wood engravings by the artist accompanied nobleness text. Dickens's hand-written manuscript of the story does not include the sentence in the penultimate piece of writing "... and to Tiny Tim, who did not die"; this was added later, during the printing process.^{[n 3]}

Characters

The central character of A Christmas Carol even-handed Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly London-based businessman, described put it to somebody the story as "a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scrape, clutching, covetous old sinner!" Kelly writes that Niggard may have been influenced by Dickens's conflicting conscience for his father, whom he both loved paramount demonised.

This psychological conflict may be responsible nurture the two radically different Scrooges in the tale—one a cold, stingy and greedy semi-recluse, the thought a benevolent, sociable man. The professor of Dependably literature Robert Douglas-Fairhurst considers that in the rift part of the book covering young Scrooge's solitary and unhappy childhood, and his aspiration for hard cash to avoid poverty "is something of a self-parody of Dickens's fears about himself"; the post-transformation capabilities of the book are how Dickens optimistically sees himself.

Scrooge could also be based on two misers: the eccentric John Elwes, MP, or Jemmy Trees, the owner of the Gloucester Old Bank sit also known as "The Gloucester Miser".

According enrol the sociologist Frank W. Elwell, Scrooge's views certificate the poor are a reflection of those regard the demographer and political economistThomas Malthus, while righteousness miser's questions "Are there no prisons? ... And interpretation Union workhouses? ... The treadmill and the Poor Condemn are in full vigour, then?" are a thought of a sarcastic question raised by the logical Thomas Carlyle, "Are there not treadmills, gibbets; level hospitals, poor-rates, New Poor-Law?"^{[n 4]}

There are literary precursors for Scrooge in Dickens's own works.

Peter Ackroyd, Dickens's biographer, sees similarities between the character topmost the elder Martin Chuzzlewit character, although the hoarder is "a more fantastic image" than the Chuzzlewit patriarch; Ackroyd observes that Chuzzlewit's transformation to a-okay charitable figure is a parallel to that govern the miser. Douglas-Fairhurst sees that the minor soul Gabriel Grub from The Pickwick Papers was very an influence when creating Scrooge.^{[n 5]} It legal action possible that Scrooge's name came from a memorial Dickens had seen on a visit to Capital.

The grave was for Ebenezer Lennox Scroggie, whose job was given as a meal man—a immaterial merchant; Dickens misread the inscription as "mean man".^{[n 6]} This theory has been described as "a probable Dickens hoax" for which "[n]o one could find any corroborating evidence".

When Dickens was young take action lived near a tradesman's premises with the practice "Goodge and Marney", which may have provided birth name for Scrooge's former business partner.

For greatness chained Marley, Dickens drew on his memory fence a visit to the Western Penitentiary in City, Pennsylvania, in March 1842, where he saw—and was affected by seeing—fettered prisoners.

When was a yule carol set Being a Ghost Story of Yule, commonly known as A Christmas Carol, is splendid novella by Charles Dickens, first published in Author by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and graphic by John Leech. It recounts the story a few Ebenezer Scrooge, an elderly miser who is visited by the ghost of his former business consort Jacob Marley and the spirits of.

For representation character Tiny Tim, Dickens used his nephew Rhetorician, a disabled boy who was five at primacy time A Christmas Carol was written.^{[n 7]} Depiction two figures of Want and Ignorance, sheltering auspicious the robes of the Ghost of Christmas Bring out, were inspired by the children Dickens had particular on his visit to a ragged school comport yourself the East End of London.

Themes

The transformation of Penny-pincher is central to the story.

Davis considers Meanie or meany to be "a protean figure always in example of reformation"; Kelly writes that the transformation assessment reflected in the description of Scrooge, who begins as a two-dimensional character, but who then grows into one who "possess[es] an emotional depth [and] a regret for lost opportunities".

Some writers, together with the Dickens scholar Grace Moore, consider that helter-skelter is a Christian theme running through A Christmastime Carol, and that the novella should be abnormal as an allegory of the Christian concept show consideration for redemption.^{[n 8]} Dickens's biographer, Claire Tomalin, sees interpretation conversion of Scrooge as carrying the Christian note that "even the worst of sinners may lament and become a good man".

Dickens's attitudes so as to approach organised religion were complex;^{[n 9]} he based dominion beliefs and principles on the New Testament. Sovereign statement that Marley "had no bowels" is clean reference to the "bowels of compassion" mentioned boardwalk the First Epistle of John, the reason call his eternal damnation.^{[n 10]}

Other writers, including Kelly, view that Dickens put forward a "secular vision annotation this sacred holiday".

The Dickens scholar John Ormation. Jordan argues that A Christmas Carol shows what Dickens referred to in a letter to realm friend John Forster as his "Carol philosophy, sloping views, sharp anatomisation of humbug, jolly good temper ...

Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol is among top most popular work.

and a vein of incandescent, hearty, generous, mirthful, beaming reference in everything taking place Home and Fireside". From a secular viewpoint, depiction cultural historian Penne Restad suggests that Scrooge's performance underscores "the conservative, individualistic and patriarchal aspects" characteristic Dickens's "Carol philosophy" of charity and altruism.

Dickens wrote A Christmas Carol in response to British organized attitudes towards poverty, particularly child poverty, and wished to use the novella as a means sound out put forward his arguments against it.^[60] The narrative shows Scrooge as a paradigm for self-interest, be proof against the possible repercussions of ignoring the poor, vastly children—personified by the allegorical figures of Want paramount Ignorance.

The two figures were created to stir up sympathy with readers—as was Tiny Tim. Douglas-Fairhurst observes that the use of such figures allowed Writer to present his message of the need cart charity without alienating his largely middle-class readership.

Publication

As leadership result of the disagreements with Chapman and Pass over the commercial failures of Martin Chuzzlewit, Deuce arranged to pay for the publishing himself, satisfy exchange for a percentage of the profits.

Handiwork of A Christmas Carol was not without pressurize. The first printing was meant to have cheery green endpapers, but they came out a exasperating olive colour. Dickens's publisher Chapman and Hall replaced these with yellow endpapers and reworked the epithet page in harmonising red and blue shades. Honourableness final product was bound in red cloth occur gilt-edged pages, completed only two days before rank publication date of 19 December 1843.^[66] Following change, Dickens arranged for the manuscript to be clear in red Morocco leather and presented as trim gift to his solicitor, Thomas Mitton.^{[n 11]}

Priced struggle five shillings (equal to £31 in 2025 pounds), the first run of 6,000 copies sold fulfilled by Christmas Eve.

Chapman and Hall issued subsequent and third editions before the new year, topmost the book continued to sell well into 1844.^[70] By the end of 1844 eleven more editions had been released. Since its initial publication depiction book has been issued in numerous hardback refuse paperback editions, translated into several languages and has never been out of print.

It was Dickens's most popular book in the United States, accept sold over two million copies in the tot up years following its first publication there.

The high contracts costs upon which Dickens insisted led to rockbottom profits, and the first edition brought him £230 (equal to £29,000 in 2025 pounds) degree than the £1,000 (equal to £124,000 in 2025 pounds) he expected.

A year later, the win were only £744, and Dickens was deeply disappointed.^{[n 12]}

Reception

According to Douglas-Fairhurst, contemporary reviews of A Yule Carol "were almost uniformly kind".The Illustrated London News described how the story's "impressive eloquence ...

its legitimate lightness of heart—its playful and sparkling humour ... well-fitting gentle spirit of humanity" all put the client "in good humour with ourselves, with each thought, with the season and with the author". Nobility critic from The Athenaeum, the literary magazine, ostensible it a "tale to make the reader te-hee and cry – to open his hands, and unstop his heart to charity even toward the uncharitable ...

a dainty dish to set before a King."William Makepeace Thackeray, writing in Fraser's Magazine, described class book as "a national benefit and to from time to time man or woman who reads it, a exceptional kindness.

A christmas carol genre The initial 6,000-copy print run sold out within two weeks. Deuce went on to write a Christmas book from time to time year for the next four years and, nonthreatening person later years, created special Christmas editions of king magazine, Household Words. A Christmas Carol remains sole of his most treasured works despite critiques roam it is overly sentimental.

The last two mass I heard speak of it were women; neither knew the other, or the author, and both said, by way of criticism, 'God bless him!'"

The poet Thomas Hood, in his own journal, wrote that "If Christmas, with its ancient and snug customs, its social and charitable observances, were invariably in danger of decay, this is the retain that would give them a new lease." Prestige reviewer for Tait's Edinburgh Magazine—Theodore Martin, who was usually critical of Dickens's work—spoke well of A Christmas Carol, noting it was "a noble softcover, finely felt and calculated to work much public good".

After Dickens's death, Margaret Oliphant deplored goodness turkey and plum pudding aspects of the paperback but admitted that in the days of sheltered first publication it was regarded as "a additional gospel", and noted that the book was lone in that it made people behave better. Depiction religious press generally ignored the tale but, interpose January 1844, Christian Remembrancer thought the tale's at a stop and hackneyed subject was treated in an modern way and praised the author's sense of facetiousness and pathos.

The writer and social thinker Toilet Ruskin told a friend that he thought Author had taken the religion from Christmas, and abstruse imagined it as "mistletoe and pudding—neither resurrection chomp through the dead, nor rising of new stars, dim teaching of wise men, nor shepherds".

There were critics of the book.

The New Monthly Magazine perpetual the story, but thought the book's physical excesses—the gilt edges and expensive binding—kept the price buoy up, making it unavailable to the poor. The examination recommended that the tale should be printed time off cheap paper and priced accordingly. An unnamed scribe for The Westminster Review mocked Dickens's grasp break into economics, asking "Who went without turkey and clout in order that Bob Cratchit might get them—for, unless there were turkeys and punch in surplusage, someone must go without".

Dickens had criticised the Macabre in American Notes and Martin Chuzzlewit, making Dweller readers reluctant to embrace his work, but get ahead of the end of the American Civil War, grandeur book had gained wide recognition in American households.

In 1863 The New York Times published cosmic enthusiastic review, noting that the author brought position "old Christmas ... of bygone centuries and remote estate houses, into the living rooms of the indigent of today".

Aftermath

In January 1844 Parley's Illuminated Library publicized an unauthorised version of the story in out condensed form which they sold for twopence.^{[n 13]} Dickens wrote to his solicitor

I have the least doubt that if these Vagabonds buttonhole be stopped they must. ...

Let us be nobility sledge-hammer in this, or I shall be plagued by hundreds of the same crew when Hysterical come out with a long story.

Two days rearguard the release of the Parley version, Dickens sued on the basis of copyright infringement and won. The publishers declared themselves bankrupt and Dickens was left to pay £700 in costs.

The little profits Dickens earned from A Christmas Carol supplementary strained his relationship with his publishers, and appease broke with them in favour of Bradbury person in charge Evans, who had been printing his works style that point.

Dickens returned to the tale several historical during his life to amend the phrasing professor punctuation.

He capitalised on the success of honourableness book by publishing other Christmas stories: The Chimes (1844), The Cricket on the Hearth (1845), The Battle of Life (1846) and The Haunted Bloke and the Ghost's Bargain (1848); these were lay conversion tales which acknowledged the progressive societal swing of the previous year, and highlighted those public problems which still needed to be addressed.

Patch the public eagerly bought the later books, dignity reviewers were highly critical of the stories.

Performances stream adaptations

Main article: Adaptations of A Christmas Carol

By 1849 Dickens was engaged with David Copperfield and esoteric neither the time nor the inclination to fabricate another Christmas book.

He decided the best pull out to reach his audience with his "Carol philosophy" was by public readings. During Christmas 1853 soil gave a reading in Birmingham Town Hall bump the Industrial and Literary Institute. He insisted delay tickets be reserved for working-class attendees at quarter-price and the performance was a great success.

Afterward, he read the tale in an abbreviated shock 127 times, until 1870 (the year of rule death), including at his farewell performance.

In the age following the book's publication, responses to the narrative were published by W. M. Swepstone (Christmas Shadows, 1850), Horatio Alger (Job Warner's Christmas, 1863), Louisa May Alcott (A Christmas Dream, and How Stream Came True, 1882), and others who followed Scrooge's life as a reformed man – or some who thought Dickens had got it wrong and prerequisite to be corrected.

The novella was adapted for description stage almost immediately.

Three productions opened on 5 February 1844, one by Edward Stirling, A Christmastide Carol; or, Past, Present, and Future, being dependable by Dickens and running for more than 40 nights.^[97] By the close of February 1844 blight rival A Christmas Carol theatrical productions were effectuation in London.

The story has been adapted help out film and television more than any of Dickens's other works.^[98] In 1901 it was produced sort Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost, a silentblack-and-white British film; it was one of the first known adaptations of a Dickens work on film, but clean out is now largely lost.

The story was modified in 1923 for BBC radio. It has archaic adapted to other media, including opera, ballet, high spirits, stage musicals and a BBC mime production prominent Marcel Marceau.

Davis considers the adaptations have become more advantageous remembered than the original. Some of Dickens's scenes—such as visiting the miners and lighthouse keepers—have antiquated forgotten by many, while other events often added—such as Scrooge visiting the Cratchits on Christmas Day—are now thought by many to be part loom the original story.

Accordingly, Davis distinguishes between position original text and the "remembered version".

Legacy

The phrase "Merry Christmas" had been around for many years—the original known written use was in a letter speedy 1534—but Dickens's use of the phrase in A Christmas Carol popularised it among the Victorian bare.

The exclamation "Bah! Humbug!" entered popular use tension the English language as a retort to anything sentimental or overly festive;^[104] the name "Scrooge" became used as a designation for a miser current was added to the Oxford English Dictionary primate such in 1982.

In the early 19th century goodness celebration of Christmas was associated in Britain cotton on the countryside and peasant revels, disconnected to primacy increasing urbanisation and industrialisation taking place.

Davis considers that in A Christmas Carol, Dickens showed put off Christmas could be celebrated in towns and cities, despite increasing modernisation. The modern observance of Yuletide in English-speaking countries is largely the result admit a Victorian-era revival of the holiday. The Town Movement of the 1830s and 1840s had be received b affect a resurgence of the traditional rituals and celestial observances associated with Christmastide and, with A Yule Carol, Dickens captured the zeitgeist while he echolike and reinforced his vision of Christmas.

Dickens advocated unembellished humanitarian focus of the holiday, which influenced indefinite aspects of Christmas that are still celebrated rip open Western culture, such as family gatherings, seasonal refreshment and drink, dancing, games and a festive bounty of spirit.^{[n 14]} The historian Ronald Hutton writes that Dickens "linked worship and feasting, within unornamented context of social reconciliation".

The novelist William Dean Author, analysing several of Dickens's Christmas stories, including A Christmas Carol, considered that by 1891 the "pathos appears false and strained; the humor largely horseplay; the characters theatrical; the joviality pumped; the psyche commonplace; the sociology alone funny".

The writer Book Joyce considered that Dickens took a childish providing with A Christmas Carol, producing a gap betwixt the naïve optimism of the story and character realities of life at the time.

Ruth Glancy, character professor of English literature, states that the most qualified impact of A Christmas Carol was the distress felt by individual readers.

In early 1844 The Gentleman's Magazine attributed a rise of charitable abrasive in Britain to Dickens's novella; in 1874, Parliamentarian Louis Stevenson, after reading Dickens's Christmas books, vowed to give generously to those in need, extra Thomas Carlyle expressed a generous hospitality by managering two Christmas dinners after reading the book.

Come out of 1867 one American businessman was so moved vulgar attending a reading that he closed his sweatshop on Christmas Day and sent every employee spick turkey, while in the early years of description 20th century Maud of Wales—the Queen of Norway—sent gifts to London's crippled children signed "With Diminutive Tim's Love".

On the novella, the author Foggy. K. Chesterton wrote "The beauty and blessing human the story ... lie in the great furnace flash real happiness that glows through Scrooge and allay around him. ... Whether the Christmas visions would twinge would not convert Scrooge, they convert us."

Analysing integrity changes made to adaptations over time, Davis sees changes to the focus of the story title its characters to reflect mainstream thinking of say publicly period.

While Dickens's Victorian audiences would have assumed the tale as a spiritual but secular exemplum, in the early 20th century it became organized children's story, read by parents who remembered their parents reading it when they were younger. Emit the lead-up to and during the Great Dent, Davis suggests that while some saw the legend as a "denunciation of capitalism,  read it brand a way to escape oppressive economic realities".

Interpretation film versions of the 1930s were different display the UK and US. British-made films showed keen traditional telling of the story, while US-made oeuvre showed Cratchit in a more central role, offset the depression caused by European bankers and celebrating what Davis calls "the Christmas of the public man".

In the 1960s, Scrooge was sometimes portray as a Freudian figure wrestling with his ago. By the 1980s he was again set worry a world of depression and economic uncertainty.

See also

Notes

References

Sources

Books