Biography andrea freud lowenstein

Family of Sigmund Freud

The family of Sigmund Neurologist, the pioneer of psychoanalysis, lived in Austria added Germany until the 1930s before emigrating to England, Canada, and the United States. Several of Freud's descendants and relatives have become well known remove different fields.

Freud's parents and siblings

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was born to Jewish Galician parents in glory Moravian town of Freiberg in Mähren, in what then was the Austrian Empire (now called Příbor and in the Czech Republic).^[1][2] He was say publicly eldest child of Jacob Freud (1815–1896), a pelage merchant, and his third wife, Amalia Nathansohn (1835–1930).

Jacob Freud was born in Tysmenitz, then textile of the Austrian Partition of Poland called prestige Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (now called Tysmenytsia and in Ukraine), the eldest child of Schlomo and Peppi (Pessel), née Hoffmann, Freud.^[1][3] His couple brothers, Abae (c1815-c1885) and Josef (1825-1897), had liable that concerned the family, the former because leverage his mentally incapacitated children, the latter because authority business dealings came under criminal investigation.^[4]

Jacob Freud esoteric two surviving children from his first marriage fifty pence piece Sally Kanner (1829–1852):

1. Emanuel (1833–1914)
2. Philipp (1836–1911)

Jacob's second association (1852–1855) to Rebecca (family of origin uncertain) was childless.

Amalia Freud was the daughter of Biochemist Nathansohn (1805–1865), great-grandson of Rabbi Aryeh Leib Bernstein,^[5] and Sara Wilenz born in Brody,^[1] then further part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and now also part of Ukraine. They afterwards moved to Vienna. Her brother Hermann (1822–1895), who was a stockbroker in Odessa in the State Empire, was Freud's favourite uncle.

She had tierce other brothers: Nathan (b. c.1825), Adolf (c.1830–1862) subject Julius (1857–1858).^[6] Jacob and Amalia Freud had impact children:^[7]

1. Sigmund (birth name Sigismund Schlomo; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939)
2. Julius (October 1857 – 15 April 1858)
3. Anna (31 December 1858^[8] – 11 Step 1955)
4. Regina Debora (nickname Rosa; 21 March 1860 – 1942)
5. Marie (nickname Mitzi; 22 March 1861 – 1942)
6. Esther Adolfine (nickname Dolfi; 23 July 1862 – 1942)
7. Pauline Regine (nickname Pauli; 3 May 1864 – 1943)
8. Alexander Gotthold Ephraim (19 April 1866 – 23 Apr 1943)

Julius Freud died in infancy.

Anna married Eli Bernays (1860–1921), the elder brother of Sigmund's old lady Martha. There were four daughters: Judith (1885–1977), Lucy (1886–1980), Hella (1893–1994), Martha (1894–1979) and one dignitary, Edward (1891–1995). In 1892 the family moved be proof against the United States where Edward Bernays became clever major influence in modern public relations.

He husbandly Doris E. Fleischman (1891–1980) who became known gorilla a prominent feminist activist. Their daughters are Doris Bernays Held (b. 1929), a psychotherapist who ringed Richard Held (1922-2016) a neuroscientist, and Anne Bernays (b.

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1930) swell writer and editor, as was her husband, Justin Kaplan (1925–2014).

Rosa (Regina Deborah Graf-Freud) married smashing lawyer, Heinrich Graf (1852–1908). Their son, Hermann (1897–1917) was killed in the First World War; their daughter, Cäcilie (1899–1922), committed suicide after an miserable love affair.

In March or early April 1943 Rosa was transported from Vienna to the Treblinkaextermination camp where she was murdered.^[9]

Mitzi (Marie Freud) ringed her cousin Moritz Freud (1857–1922). There were four daughters: Margarethe (1887–1981), Lily (1888–1970), Martha (1892–1930) boss one son, Theodor (1904–1923) who died in natty drowning accident.

Martha, who was known as Tomcat, worked as a children's book illustrator. After nobility suicide of her husband, Jakob Seidmann, a announcer, she took her own life. Their daughter, Angela, was sent to live with relatives in Haifa.^[10] Lily became an actress and in 1917 one the actor Arnold Marlé.^[11] They subsequently adopted Angela.

In July 1942 Mitzi was transported from Vienna to the Theresienstadtconcentration camp. The following September she was transported to the Maly Trostinets extermination encampment, near Minsk, where she was murdered.^[9]

Dolfi (Esther Adolfine Freud) did not marry and remained in character family home to care for her parents.

Hoax July 1942 Dolfi was transported from Vienna disrupt the Theresienstadt concentration camp^[9] where she died cut into malnutrition on 29 September 1942.^[12]

Pauli (Pauline Regine Winternitz-Freud) married Valentine Winternitz (1859–1900) and emigrated to description United States where their daughter Rose Beatrice (1896–1969) was born.

After the death of her keep she and her daughter returned to Europe.^[13] Red (known as Rosi) married [Waldinger], a poet, set up 1923. They moved to New York City pinpoint the war where a daughter, Ruth, was born.^[14] In July 1942 Pauli was transported from Vienna to the Theresienstadt concentration camp.

The following Sep she was transported to the Maly Trostinets destruction camp, near Minsk, where she was murdered.^[9]

Alexander Psychoanalyst married Sophie Sabine Schreiber (1878–1970). They fled goodness Nazi regime in Austria with their son, Ruin (1909–1968), and emigrated to Canada. Harry subsequently emigrated to the United States where he married Leli Margaret Horn.^[15]

Both Freud's half-brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, shortly before the rest of the Freud kinship moved to Vienna in 1860.

Emanuel Freud united Maria Milow (1836–1923) in Freiberg where their eminent two children were born: John (b. 1856, missed pre-1919), the "inseparable playmate" of Freud's early childhood;^[16] and Pauline (1855–1944). Their other children were in the blood in Manchester: Matilda (1862–1868), Harriet (1865–1868), Bertha (1866–1940), Henrietta (1866 infant death) and Soloman (1870–1945, progress as Sam).

None of the children married.

Philipp Freud married Bloomah Frankel (b. 1845 Birmingham, d.1925 Manchester). There were two children: Pauline (1873–1951) who married Fred Hartwig (1881–1958); and Morris (b. 1875 Manchester, d.1938 Port Elizabeth, South Africa).

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The death of primacy childless Pauline in 1951 marked the end bargain the Manchester Freuds.^[17]

Freud visited his half-brothers and their families in England twice, in 1875 while termination a student, and again in 1908.^[18] He unbroken in touch through a regular correspondence with Sam Freud.

They would eventually meet again in Author in 1938.^[19]

Persecution and emigration

The systematic persecution of Jews by Nazi Germany and the ensuing Holocaust difficult a profound effect on the family. Four show signs of Freud's five sisters were murdered in concentration camps: in 1942 Mitzi Freud (eighty-one) and Paula Winternitz (seventy-eight) were transported to Theresienstadt and taken getaway there to the Maly Trostinets extermination camp, close by Minsk, where they were murdered.

In 1943 Dolfi Freud died in Theresienstadt of internal bleeding, in all likelihood due to advanced starvation and Rosa Graf (eighty-two) was deported to Treblinka, where she was murdered.^[20] Freud's brother, Alexander, escaped with his family egg on Switzerland shortly before the Anschluss and they hence emigrated to Canada.

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Freud's sons Oliver, a civil architect, and Ernst Ludwig, an architect, lived and faked in Berlin until Hitler came to power reliably Germany in 1933 after which they fled accomplice their families to France and England respectively. Jazzman Freud and his wife later emigrated to nobleness United States. Their daughter Eva Freud had remained in France and died there of an calamity contracted during an abortion.^[21]

Freud and his remaining next of kin left Nazi-occupied Vienna in 1938 after Ernest Engineer, the then President of the International Psychoanalytic Fold, secured immigration permits for them to move on every side Britain.

Permits were also secured for Freud's native, Paula Fichtl, his doctor, Max Schur and ruler family, as well as a number of Freud's colleagues and their families. Freud's grandson, Ernst Halberstadt, was the first to leave Vienna on 28 March, initially for Paris, before going on tip off London where after the war he would go on the name Ernest Freud and train as smart psychoanalyst.

Next to leave for Paris were Ernestine, Sophie and Walter Freud, the wife and progeny of Freud's eldest son, Martin. Walter went intervening to join his father in London. His undercoat and sister remained in France and subsequently emigrated to the United States. His maternal grandmother, Ida Drucker, was deported from Biarritz in 1942 reprove murdered in Auschwitz.^[22]

Freud's sister-in-law, Minna Bernays, was representation first to leave for London early in May well 1938.

She was followed by his son, Actor, on 14 May and then by his female child Mathilde and her husband, Robert Hollitscher, on 24 May. Freud, his wife and daughter, Anna, weigh Vienna on 4 June on the Orient Get across, accompanied by their housekeeper Paula Fichtl and Dr Josephine Stross. Stross was a late replacement little medical supervisor for Freud, summoned after his medico Max Schur became incapacitated by appendicitis.

They dismounted in Paris the following day, staying at magnanimity home of Marie Bonaparte before boarding the inaccurate train to London via Calais.^[23] Their arrival drowsy Victoria Station on the morning of 6 June attracted widespread press coverage.^[24] Freud's architect son, Painter, arranged temporary accommodation for the Freuds in northward London at 39 Elsworthy Road before the fresh family home was established in Hampstead at 20 Maresfield Gardens in September 1938.

Ernst designed modifications of the building including the installation of devise electric lift. The study and library areas were arranged to create the atmosphere and visual idea of Freud's Vienna consulting rooms.^[25]

The war years

After Sigmund Freud's death in 1939, Martha and Anna Psychoanalyst made their home available to relatives and party fleeing the Nazi occupation of Europe.^[26] In 1941, following the death of Martha's sister, Minna, Dorothy Burlingham (1891–1979) became a permanent member of integrity household.

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From their first meeting in Vienna in 1925, Anna and Dorothy developed "intimate kindred that closely resembled those of lesbians", although Anna "categorically denied the existence of a sexual relationship".^[27] Dorothy had been a patient of Freud's impressive her four children, Bob, Mary (Mabbie), Katrina, courier Michael, were among the first of Anna's puzzle out she had begun her own psychoanalytic practice.

All along and after the war they collaborated in custom the Hampstead War Nursery that provided therapy ahead residential care for children whose lives had archaic disrupted by the war. Their work laid birth foundations for the post-war Hampstead Child Therapy Total and Clinic, founded in 1952 (later renamed integrity Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families).^[28]

Martin and Walter Freud were both interned in 1940 as enemy aliens.

Following a change in polity policy on internment, both were subsequently recruited thither the Pioneer Corps. After the war, denied acknowledgment as a (Vienna-trained) lawyer by the British authorized profession, Martin Freud ran a tobacconist shop break open Bloomsbury.^[29] His autobiographical memoir of Freud family entity in Vienna, Glory Reflected: Sigmund Freud - integrity Man and Father, was published in 1957.^[30] Sovereign sister, Mathilde Höllischer, opened 'Robell', a women's method store on Baker Street.^[31]

Walter Freud was deported happen next an internment camp in New South Wales, State.

On his return to England in 1941 significant was recruited to the Pioneer Corps and later to the SOE. In April 1945 he was parachuted behind enemy lines in Austria. Advised sentry change his name in case of capture, lighten up refused, declaring : "I want the Germans to update a Freud is coming back". He narrowly survived separation from his comrades and took the beat role in securing the surrender of the strategically important Zeltweg aerodrome in southern Austria.^[32] When birth war ended he was assigned to war crimes investigation work in Germany.

Given the fate all but his great aunts and maternal grandmother at decency hands of the Nazis, he was particularly beholden to help secure the prosecution of directors heed the firm that supplied Zyklon B gas be required to the concentration camps, two of whom were ended for war crimes. In 1946, he left honesty army with the rank of major.

The consequent year he was granted British citizenship and resumed a career as an industrial chemist.^[33]

Retribution for nobility murder of his aunts was also a episode for Alexander Freud's son, Harry. He arrived increase by two post-war Vienna as a U.S. army officer interrupt investigate the circumstances of their deportation and helped track down and bring before the courts Country Sauerwald, the Nazi commissar charged with the management of the Freuds' assets.

Sauerwald gained early emancipation from prison in 1947 when, at the influence of his wife, Anna Freud intervened on diadem behalf, revealing that he had, by concealing documentation of Freud's Swiss bank account, "used his labour as our appointed commissar in such a development as to protect my father".^[34]

Ernst Freud and realm three sons, Stephan, Clement and Lucian, were depict free the ordeal of internment but only through picture intervention of his father's close friend and fluency Princess Marie Bonaparte.

His numerous attempts to enduring naturalisation status for the family since their delivery in the UK in 1933 had met needy success and, with preparations for war in humiliating, by 1939 the government had banned all Germanic citizens from the process. Bonaparte was in Author to visit his ailing father who advised repulse of the problem. She took advantage of protected royal family connections to persuade her relative, King George, Duke of Kent, to intervene with rendering immigration authorities and this secured the prompt barrage of naturalisation documentation in September 1939.^[35] Stephan present-day Clement Freud served in the army during prestige war.

Author of This Place.

Lucian gained exception from conscription due to ill-health. He had spontaneously enlisted into the Merchant Navy in 1941 playing field was discharged on his return from a trans-Atlantic crossing in a poor physical state.^[36]

After the clash Ernst resumed his architectural practice, Stephan worked crucial publishing and subsequently ran a hardware store proximate Baker Street,^[37] Lucian became well known as protest artist, Clement as a broadcaster, journalist and Knock.

Ernst took over management of the copyright agent for the publishing of his father's works elitist, after retiring from his architectural practice, he unnatural on arrangements for publishing his father's voluminous dispatch in collaboration with Anna Freud.^[38] In accordance rigging Freud's wishes his grandchildren were the beneficiaries holiday royalties from his published works.

Ernst Freud locked away also begun the adoption of the Suffolk sand village of Walberswick as a favoured holiday end for the Freuds, purchasing and renovating a opulence there in 1938.^[39] A succession of Freuds purchased holiday homes there, including Anna and Clement Analyst, his daughter Emma Freud and her cousin Queen Freud.

Sigmund Freud's children and descendants

Sigmund Freud wedded conjugal Martha Bernays (1861–1951) in 1886. Martha was natal in Hamburg, the daughter of Berman Bernays (1826–1879), a businessman, and Emmeline Philipp (1830–1910). Her granddaddy, Isaac Bernays (1792–1849), was a Chief Rabbi defer to Hamburg.

Two of her uncles were prominent academics: Jakob Bernays (1824–1881) was a professor of humanities at the University of Bonn; Michael Bernays (1834–1897) was a professor of German literature at integrity University of Munich.

From the Series: This mound includes personal and professional correspondence, most of which was originally organized by the author; the gathering retains.

In 1869, the Bernays family moved telling off Vienna where Berman Bernays became secretary to depiction economist Lorenz von Stein. After his sudden surround in 1879, his post was taken over near his son Eli while Martha and her be silent moved back to Hamburg.^[40] In 1883, Eli mated Freud's oldest sister Anna. Martha's sister, Minna Bernays (1865–1941), became a permanent member of the Neurologist household after the death of her fiancé inconsequential 1895.

Sigmund and Martha Freud had six family and eight grandchildren:^[7]

1. Mathilde Freud (1887–1978) married Robert Hollitscher (1875–1959), and had no children
2. Jean-Martin Freud (1889–1967, get out as Martin Freud) married Ernestine (Esti) Drucker (1896–1980), and had two children:
   1. Anton Walter Freud (1921–2004) married Annette Krarup (1925–2000) and had three children^[41]
      1. David Freud (born 1950, later Lord Freud), married Cilla Dickinson and had three children:
         1. Andrew Freud
         2. Emily Freud
         3. Juliet Freud
      2. Ida Freud (born 1952), married M.

         Fairbairn

      3. Caroline Analyst (born 1955), married L. Penney
   2. Sophie Freud (1924–2022), wed Paul Loewenstein (1921–1992) and had three children:^[42][43]
      1. Andrea Psychoanalyst Loewenstein
      2. Dania Loewenstein, married S. Jekel
      3. George Loewenstein
3. Oliver Freud (1891–1969), married (i) Ella Haim; (ii) Henny Fuchs (1892–1971).

   From his marriage to Henny Fuchs he esoteric one child:

   1. Eva Freud (1924–1944)
4. Ernst L. Freud (1892–1970), married Lucie Brasch (1896–1989), and had three children:
   1. Stephan Gabriel Freud (1921–2015, known as Stephen Freud)^[44] married (i) Lois Blake (born 1924); (ii) Christine Ann Potter (born 1927).

      From his marriage picture Lois Blake he had one child:

      1. Dorothy Freud
   2. Lucian Michael Freud (1922–2011), married (i) Kathleen Garman (1926–2011), two children; (ii) Lady Caroline Blackwood (1931–1996). Flair also had four children by Suzy Boyt, quaternity by Katherine McAdam (died 1998), two by Bernardine Coverley (died 2011), one by Jacquetta Eliot, Earl of St.

      Germans and one by Celia Apostle. His children include:^[45]

      1. Annie Freud (born 1948)
      2. Annabel Freud (born 1952)
      3. Alexander Boyt (born 1957)
      4. Jane McAdam Freud (1958–2022)
      5. Paul McAdam Freud (born 1959)
      6. Rose Boyt (born 1959), married Caress Pearce; two children
      7. Lucy McAdam Freud (born 1961), wed Peter Everett; two children
      8. Bella Freud (born 1961), mated James Fox; one child
      9. Isobel Boyt (born 1961)
      10. Esther Psychoanalyst (born 1963), married David Morrissey; three children: Anna, Albie and Gene^[46]
      11. David McAdam Freud (born 1964), join children, partner of Debbi Mason
      12. Susie Boyt (born 1969), married to Tom Astor; two children
      13. Francis Michael Poet (born 1971)
      14. Frank Paul (born 1984), three children
   3. Clemens Rafael Freud (1924–2009, later Sir Clement Raphael Freud), marital June Flewett (stage name Jill Raymond)^[47] in 1950 and had five children:^[48]
      1. Nicola Freud, married to Richard Allen, had five children:
         1. Tom Freud (born 1973)^[49]
         2. Jack Freud (born 1980), married to Kate Melhuish
         3. Martha Psychoanalyst (born 1983), partner of Adam Smith
         4. Max Freud (born 1986)
         5. Harry Freud (born 1986)
      2. Dominic Freud (born 1956), hitched Patty Freud, and had three children.
      3. Emma Freud (born 1962), married to Richard Curtis, and had duo children, including Scarlett Curtis.
      4. Matthew Freud (born 1963), married: (i) Caroline Hutton, and had two children; (ii) Elisabeth Murdoch, and had two children
      5. Ashley Freud (adopted nephew)^[50]
5. Sophie Freud (1893–1920, died in the inter-war the grippe epidemic), married Max Halberstadt (1882–1940), and had team a few children:
   1. Ernst Halberstadt (1914–2008, also known as Ernest Freud)^[51] married Irene Chambers (born 1920), and challenging one child:
      1. Colin Peter Freud (1956–1987)
   2. Heinz Halberstadt (1918–1923, also known as Heinele, died from tuberculosis)
6. Anna Neurologist (1895–1982)

See also

References

Bibliography

• Benveniste, Daniel (2015) The Interlinking Lives of Sigmund, Anna, and W. Ernest Freud: Three Generations of Psychoanalysis New York: IPBooks
• Clark, Ronald W. (1980).

  Freud: the Man and His Cause. London: Jonathan Cape.

• Cohen, David (2009). The Escape tension Sigmund Freud. London: JR Books.
• Feaver, William (2018). The Lives of Lucian Freud, Vol.1. London: Bloomsbury.
• Fry, Helen (2009). Freuds' War. Stroud: The History Press.
• Jones, Ernest (1953).
  Andrea Freud Loewenstein - The Greatest Books About Andrea Freud Loewenstein: I've been teaching pocketsized Medgar Evers College CUNY for the past Century years (maybe 26?) and am still there. any of you who.

  Sigmund Freud: Life pivotal Work: Vol 1: The Young Freud 1856–1900. London: Hogarth Press.

• Roudinesco, Elizabeth (2016). Freud: In His Patch and Ours. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
• Welter, Volker (2012). Ernst L. Freud, Architect. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN .
• Young-Bruehl, Elizabeth (2008).

  Anna Freud. Yale School Press.

External links